Table 1.
Demographic and Biochemical Characteristics of the Study Population
| NW | OB-NG | OB-IGT&T2D | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 37 | 75 | 44 | |
| Sex, M/F | 10/27 | 38/37 | 21/23 | 0.052 |
| Age, y | 48.2 ± 10.7 | 47.3 ± 4.5 | 48.7 ± 4.7 | 0.474 |
| Weight, kg | 65 ± 9 | 111 ± 19* | 116 ± 23* | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.5 ± 1.2 | 39.4 ± 6.7* | 42.1 ± 6.9*† | <0.001 |
| Body fat, % | 27.7 ± 7.1 | 46.6 ± 9.4* | 49.2± 7.5* | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 81 ± 6 | 118 ± 14* | 125 ± 14*† | <0.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 107 ± 10 | 119 ± 12* | 125 ± 9*† | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 67 ± 6 | 77 ± 9* | 79 ± 7*† | <0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 83 ± 7 | 93 ± 9* | 103 ± 15* | <0.001 |
| Glucose 2-h OGTT, mg/dL | 92 ± 33 | 113 ± 18 | 186 ± 40*† | <0.001 |
| Insulin, µU/mL | 4.2 ± 2.0 | 12.9 ± 13.0* | 20.8 ± 19.5*† | <0.001 |
| Insulin 2-h OGTT, µU/mL | 50.3 ± 44.4 | 90.6 ± 55.2 | 153.3 ± 75.6*† | <0.001 |
| HOMA | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 3.2* | 5.3 ± 5.0*† | <0.001 |
| QUICKI | 0.40 ± 0.03 | 0.35 ± 0.05* | 0.31 ±0.03*† | <0.001 |
| TyG index | 8.00 ± 0.40 | 8.43 ± 0.44* | 8.76 ± 0.53*† | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 73 ± 27 | 107 ± 49 | 152 ± 178*† | 0.002 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 176 ± 34 | 195 ± 38* | 195 ± 43* | 0.031 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 94 ± 29 | 119 ± 37* | 113 ± 30* | <0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 67 ± 15 | 54 ± 12* | 51 ± 9* | <0.001 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 5.5 ± 1.3* | 6.1 ± 1.3*† | <0.001 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 324 ± 64 | 351 ± 73 | 371 ± 103 | 0.070 |
| vWF, % | 108 ± 26 | 128 ± 68 | 139 ± 46* | 0.129 |
| Homocysteine, µmol/L | 7.4 ± 3.3 | 8.8 ± 2.7 | 9.5 ± 2.6* | 0.029 |
| WBC, 106 cells/mL | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 6.7 ± 1.7* | 7.5 ± 2.3*† | <0.001 |
| ALT, IU/L | 19 ± 11 | 23 ± 15 | 24 ± 12 | 0.344 |
| AST, IU/L | 17 ± 7 | 15 ± 6 | 15 ± 5 | 0.465 |
| AST/ALT ratio | 0.97 ± 0.28 | 0.80 ± 0.30* | 0.72 ±0.20* | <0.001 |
| γ-GT, IU/L | 11 ± 5 | 23 ± 18* | 33 ± 31*† | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.77 ± 0.16 | 0.80 ± 0.16 | 0.81 ± 0.17 | 0.474 |
| IL-1RA, pg/mL | 440 ± 316 | 899 ± 562* | 1265 ± 739*† | <0.001 |
Notes: Data presented as mean ± SD. Differences between groups were analyzed by ANOVA followed by LSD tests. * P < 0.05 vs NG. †P < 0.05 vs OB-NG. Differences in gender distribution were analyzed by χ2 analysis.
Abbreviations: NW, normal weight; OB, obesity; NG, normoglycemia; IGT; impaired glucose tolerance, T2D, type 2 diabetes; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; TyG index, triglycerides and glucose index; vWF, von Willebrand factor; WBC, white blood cells; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; γ-GT, γ-glutamyltransferase; IL-1RA, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist.