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. 2022 Mar 1;132(5):e139828. doi: 10.1172/JCI139828

Figure 1. Study design and NAD+ metabolome in study participants.

Figure 1

(A) The clinical protocol depicted in the horizontal bar shows volunteers consuming NR or placebo for 7 days followed by 24-hour fasting and 3 hours of refeeding. The syringe symbol depicts blood draw time points for monocyte isolation and RNA-Seq. (B) Elevation of the whole-blood NAD+ metabolome following oral NR in participants measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) (n = 9 placebo and n = 12 NR). Data analyzed by unpaired 2-tailed Student’s t test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; and ****P < 0.0001. (C) Flowchart showing fasting and refeeding placebo versus NR data sets used to identify NR-modulated genes specifically affected during refeeding. The 414 NR-exclusive DE genes were subjected to pathway enrichment and geneMANIA analysis. NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NAAD, nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide; ADPR, ADP ribosyl metabolite; Me-4-Py, N-methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide.