Table 3.

The potential effect and molecular mechanism of the representative natural dietary plants in various neurodegenerative diseases.

Natural dietary plants	Components	Mechanisms	Models (dosage)	Diseases
Tea leaves	CG, ECG, and EGCG	Inhibition of misfolded proteins, antineuroinflammation, antioxidative stress, antiapoptosis	Aβ-induced PC-12 cells (150 μg/mL), glutamate-induced neuro-2a and HT22 cells (25 μg/mL), Aβ and α-synuclein aggregation in C. elegans (200 μg/mL), MPTP-induced monkeys (40 mg/kg)	AD [335, 336], PD [337]
Grape seed	Procyanidin, catechin, epicatechin, gallic acid, and epicatechin gallate	Antineuroinflammation, antioxidative stress, antiapoptosis	Tg2576 mice (200 mg/kg), transgenic Drosophila expressing human α-synuclein (0.64 mg/100 g of culture medium), 6-OHDA-induced rats (250 mg/kg), Q93httexon1 Drosophila R6/2 mice (100 mg/kg)	AD [327, 328], PD [329, 325], HD [326]
Litchi chinensis seed	Rutin, gallic acid, procyanidin B2, gallocatechin, epicatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate, catechin, procyanidin A1, and procyanidin A2	Antineuroinflammation, antioxidative stress, antiapoptosis	Aβ25–35-induced PC-12 cells (7.60 mg/L), Aβ25–35-injected rats (480 mg/kg), STZ-induced rats (2.8 g/kg), DXM-induced HepG2 and HT22 cells (3.5 μg/mL), Aβ1-42-induced BV-2 cells (10 mg/L), SAMP8 mice (100 mg/kg)	AD [341–346]
Scutellaria baicalensis	Scutellarin, wogonin, baicalin, baicalein	Inhibition of misfolded proteins, antineuroinflammation, antioxidative stress, antiapoptosis	H2O2-induced PC-12 cells (baicalein: 40 μM), Aβ-induced SH-SY5Y cells (baicalein: 10 μM), rotenone-induced rats (baicalein: 100 mg/kg), MPTP-induced mice (baicalein: 560 mg/kg)	AD [356, 357, 360, 364], PD [354, 361–363]
Ginkgo leaves	Ginkgolic acid	Inhibition of misfolded proteins, antineuroinflammation, antioxidative stress, antiapoptosis	Aluminum-induced rats (100 mg/kg), APPswe-expressing neuro-2a cells (400 μg/mL), H2O2-induced SK-N-BE cells (25 μg/mL), chloride-induced SH-SY5Y cells (ginkgolic acid: 80 μM), Aβ1-42-induced BV-2 cells (90 μg/mL)	AD [365, 368, 369, 371], PD [366], HD [367]
Lycium barbarum	Tea polyphenols, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, and anthocyanin	Inhibition of misfolded proteins, antineuroinflammation, antioxidative stress, antiapoptosis	Fibrillar Aβ1-42 and Aβ25-35 fragments induced primary rat cortical neurons (100 μg/mL), Aβ-induced neuronal cells (500 μg/mL), APP/PS1 mice (10 mg/kg), glutamate-induced PC-12 cells (200 μg/mL), H2O2-induced PC-12 cells (1000 μg/mL)	AD [376–378]