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. 2022 Feb 15;10:808917. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.808917

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Copyright © 2022 Luo, Zou, Xie, Cao, Chen, Ding, Li, Deng and Wu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The increased rates caused by demographic and non-demographic factors and their proportion during the period from 1980 to 2019 compared with the crude mortality rate of liver cancer during 1973–1979 in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China. (A) The increased rates caused by demographic and non-demographic factors, (B) The trends of changing values of crude mortality rate caused by demographic and non-demographic in genders. APPC, average period percentage change; CI, confidence interval.