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. 2022 Feb 28;12:3315. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07365-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The insula is active during targeted helping. (A) Depiction of the apparatus used during the social contact-independent targeted helping task. Observers pull a chain that opens an automated guillotine door, allowing the Target to escape the distressing context into a separate dry platform. Ultrasonic vocalizations were recorded in some of the following experiments using two high quality condenser microphones attached to the top of the dry and water compartments. (B) This photo depicts an Observer in the dry side of the apparatus and a Target on the escape platform after being released from the pool of water.