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. 2022 Feb 15;9:807174. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.807174

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Copyright © 2022 Liu, Zhang, Chen, Sun, Wang, Chen, Liu and Zhuang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The overlap of positivity between BALF mNGS and BALF culture. Bacteria were the most detected, followed by fungi, special pathogens, and viruses. The positive rate of BALF culture in detecting Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii was higher than that of mNGS. Chlamydia psittaci was the most detected by mNGS, followed by Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Candida albicans. All viruses, special pathogens, MTB and NTM were only detected by mNGS, and the BALF culture of these pathogens were negative. BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; mNGS, metagenomic next generation sequencing; MTB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis; NTM, nontuberculous mycobacteria.