Table 5.

Summary of the studies investigating the impact of AVs on the public behaviour

Study	Results
Fagnant and Kockelman (2014) [18]	The simulation model for Austin, Texas, USA, shows an increase in the VKT by 11% due to vehicle relocation searching for cheap parking lots during the low demand periods
International Transport Forum [16]	The simulation model for Lisbon, Portugal, shows an increase of 6% in the VKT with 50% AVs and 89% increase in the VKT with 100% AVs
Hörl, Erath, and Axhausen (2016) [33]	The simulation model for the City of Sioux Falls, USA, shows 60% increase in the VKT [33]
Zhang, and Guhathakurta (2017) [39]	Zhang and Guhathakurta (2017) studied the impact of parking prices on the VKT for the City of Atlanta, USA, using simulation models for three scenarios: free parking (as a baseline), entrance-based charge, and time-based charged. AVs were programmed to reduce their overall costs (travel or fuel costs and parking costs). Results showed 5% increase in the VKT for the case of entrance based and 14% increase in the VKT for the time-based parking [39]. Thus, the parking strategy has a significant impact on the VKT
Zhang, Guhathakurta, and Khalil (2018) [23]	The simulation model for the Atlanta Metropolitan Area, USA, based on the assumption that Vehicles will be shared within the same household members shows an increase of 13.3% in the VKT