Tab. 1.
Maximum fold changes (FC) and associated mean ΔCT values for the respective treatment and gene
| Gene | Treatment | Time [hours] |
Control [mean ΔCT (95% CI)] |
D1 [mean ΔCT (95% CI)] |
D2 [mean ΔCT (95% CI)] |
D3 [mean ΔCT (95% CI)] |
D4 [mean ΔCT (95% CI)] |
max. FC (dose) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PPARγ | leptin | 18 | 18.25 (17.85 - 18.64) | 18.84 (18.48 - 19.20) | 18.08 (17.40 - 18.77) | 18.11 (17.76 - 18.46) | 18.64 (18.28 - 19.00) | −1.51 (D1) | ns |
| PPARγ | 4-octyl itaconate | 18 | 18.92 (18.50 - 19.34) | 18.75 (18.40 - 19.11) | 19.60 (18.75 - 20.46) | 20.77 (19.80 - 21.74) | 23.95 (23.72 - 24.17) | −32.67 | <0.001 |
| PPARγ | dimethyl itaconate | 24 | 18.66 (18.28 - 19.04) | 18.60 (18.36 - 18.83) | 18.31 (18.02 - 18.60) | 18.11 (17.76 - 18.46) | 17.89 (17.49 - 18.29) | 1.71 (D4) | ns |
| IL-8 | leptin | 6 | 18.45 (18.31 - 18.58) | 17.00 (16.68 - 17.32) | 15.58 (14.31 - 16.84) | 14.97 (13.86 - 16.07) | 13.73 (12.62 - 14.84) | 26.35 (D4) | <0.001 |
| IL-8 | leptin | 6 | 18.45 (18.31 - 18.58) | 17.00 (16.68 - 17.32) | 15.58 (14.31 - 16.84) | 14.97 (13.86 - 16.07) | 13.73 (12.62 - 14.84) | 26.35 | <0.001 |
| IL-8 | dimethyl itaconate | 6 | 17.80 (16.66 - 18.95) | 16.13 (14.62 - 17.64) | 15.37 (13.73 - 17.01) | 13.26 (11.01 - 15.50) | 13.71 (12.44 - 14.97) | 23.26 | 0.006 |
| CCL18 | leptin | 18 | 18.15 (17.86 - 18.44) | 18.54 (17.60 - 19.48) | 19.22 (18.28 - 20.16) | 18.20 (17.74 - 18.65) | 18.07 (17.73 - 18.42) | −2.10 (D2) | ns |
| CCL18 | 4-octyl itaconate | 18 | 16.61 (10.33 - 22.88) | 16.19 (10.21 - 22.18) | 18.60 (10.88 - 26.33) | 16.67 (10.38 - 22.95) | 21.14 (14.25 - 28.04) | −21.10 (D4) | ns |
| CCL18 | dimethyl itaconate | 6 | 18.85 (18.04 - 19.66) | 17.12 (15.97 - 18.26) | 17.09 (15.81 - 18.37) | 17.19 (16.23 - 18.15) | 17.32 (16.48 - 18.17) | 3.39 (D2) | ns |
| IL-10 | leptin | 3 | 19.05 (18.16 - 19.94) | 14.09 (13.71 - 14.47) | 16.10 (13.86 - 18.33) | 19.71 (19.37 - 20.05) | 14.64 (12.28 - 17.01) | 31.12 (D1) | ns |
| IL-10 | 4-octyl itaconate | 18 | 19.06 (16.94 - 21.19) | 19.58 (17.92 - 21.24) | 21.72 (19.42 - 24.02) | 24.12 (22.58 - 25.65) | 25.72 (23.42 - 28.03) | −101.13 | <0.001 |
| IL-10 | dimethyl itaconate | 18 | 19.19 (17.18 - 21.19) | 18.16 (17.00 - 19.32) | 17.76 (16.29 - 19.24) | 17.78 (16.25 - 19.30) | 18.43 (17.62 - 19.23) | 2.69 | ns |
| IL-1β | leptin | 6 | 21.28 (20.74 - 21.82) | 20.61 (19.88 - 21.35) | 20.20 (19.34 - 21.05) | 19.41 (18.10 - 20.73) | 18.04 (16.74 - 19.33) | 9.45 (D4) | ns |
| IL-1β | 4-octyl itaconate | 3 | 18.58 (15.99 - 21.16) | 20.41 (20.17 - 20.65) | 22.80 (22.46 - 23.14) | 22.47 (22.07 - 22.88) | 21.18 (20.08 - 22.27) | −18.64 (D2) | ns |
| IL-1β | dimethyli taconate | 24 | 22.01 (21.75 - 22.27) | 21.70 (20.71 - 22.70) | 21.08 (20.85 - 21.30) | 20.48 (19.90 - 21.06) | 17.84 (17.46 - 18.21) | 18.00 (D4) | <0.001 |
| IL-6 | leptin | 3 | 24.23 (20.46 - 28.00) | 22.64 (19.11 - 26.17) | 21.51 (16.84 - 26.18) | 21.39 (18.55 - 24.24) | 22.19 (19.26 - 25.12) | 7.16 (D3) | ns |
| IL-6 | 4-octyl itaconate | 24 | 27.56 (26.59 - 28.53) | 28.65 (28.02 - 29.29) | 28.50 (27.60 - 29.40) | 27.01 (24.66 - 29.36) | 23.31 (18.97 - 27.66) | 19.03 (D4) | ns |
| IL-6 | dimethyl itaconate | 18 | 24.99 (20.99 - 29.00) | 27.86 (26.86 - 28.87) | 28.72 (27.93 - 29.51) | 28.27 (27.52 - 29.03) | 29.03 (28.25 - 29.80) | −16.45 (D4) | ns |
| TNFα | leptin | 6 | 18.38 (18.15 - 18.60) | 18.15 (17.99 - 18.30) | 17.77 (17.53 - 18.01) | 17.27 (16.73 - 17.80) | 16.72 (16.01 - 17.43) | 3.16 (D4) | ns |
| TNFα | 4-octyl itaconate | 18 | 18.25 (17.15 - 19.36) | 19.36 (18.80 - 19.93) | 20.56 (19.49 - 21.62) | 22.28 (21.17 - 23.40) | 24.94 (23.05 - 26.83) | −103.25 (D4) | <0.001 |
| TNFα | dimethyl itaconate | 24 | 19.17 (18.59 - 19.76) | 18.45 (17.48 - 19.43) | 18.40 (17.88 - 18.93) | 16.76 (16.49 - 17.03) | 17.78 (17.56 - 18.00) | 5.31 (D3) | ns |
Leptin treatment [ng/ml]:
D1: 100
D2: 300
D3: 500
D4: 1000
4-octyl itaconate [μg/ml]:
D1: 10
D2: 30
D3: 50
D4: 100
Dimethyl itaconate [μg/ml]
D1: 20
D2: 50
D3: 100
D4: 200
LEP = leptin; OI = 4-octyl itaconate; DI = dimethyl itaconate; IL = interleukin; PPARγ = peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma
ns = not significant