Table 2.

Contact with family/friends not living with and loneliness before and during COVID-19

	Before COVID		During COVID
	Same/less lonely 2,386 (80.64%)	More lonely 524 (19.36%)	Same/less lonely 2,386 (80.64%)	More lonely 524 (19.36%)
In-person contact (%)
At least daily	9.64	9.72	5.79	2.62
A few times a week	26.67	33.48	14.69	12.68
About once a week	21.07	24.11	19.14	16.31
<Once a week	27.35	21.94	32.70	40.52
Never	11.59	6.39	20.26	20.37
Missing	3.68	4.36	7.42	7.51
F / pa	F(4.46, 245.11)=3.00, p=.016		F(4.13, 226.94)=2.43, p=.047
Telephone contact (%)
At least daily	36.16	41.07	33.14	34.38
A few times a week	36.93	38.30	34.50	41.23
About once a week	15.61	11.75	15.91	12.28
<Once a week	7.22	4.90	9.88	7.97
Never	1.22	0.60	1.44	0.46
Missing	2.85	3.39	5.12	3.68
F / pa	F(4.24, 233.39)=1.36, p=.247		F(4.32, 237.60)=2.65, p=.031
Email/text/social media contact (%)
At least daily	29.65	43.38	24.28	39.76
A few times a week	26.81	27.78	26.19	28.57
About once a week	7.75	9.03	9.81	9.49
<Once a week	7.16	4.41	8.29	5.50
Never	21.98	10.37	21.76	9.79
Missing	6.65	5.03	9.67	6.89
F / pa	F(4.40, 242.20)=9.30, p<.001		F(4.51, 248.13)=9.97, p<.001
Video call contact (%)
At least daily	3.03	6.49	2.43	4.68
A few times a week	8.41	10.31	9.83	14.20
About once a week	8.82	9.81	10.99	17.11
<Once a week	20.32	23.39	18.43	21.75
Never	52.33	43.72	48.35	35.02
Missing	7.09	6.29	9.96	7.24
F / pa	F(4.52, 248.71)=2.81, p=.021		F(4.62, 254.32)=6.53, p<.001

^aProbability values from design-based F tests denote differences between the same/less lonely group and the more lonely group.