TABLE 1.
Summary of full-length protein kinases and peroxisomal targeting validation studies. Protein kinase candidates found to harbor functional PTS1s (from this study and previous studies) and those found in a previous peroxisomal proteome are listed. The table is divided into three parts: protein kinases targeted to punctate structures in onion and co-localized with a peroxisomal marker in tobacco; protein kinases targeted partly to peroxisomes in tobacco and remained undetected in onion; non-peroxisomal targeting in both tobacco and onion, and untested protein kinases that harbor functional PTS1. All candidate full-length cDNAs were either subcloned or cloned N-terminally with EYFP from plasmids provided by ABRC or RICKEN or isolated Arabidopsis total RNA (Supplementary Table 3). Only 4 of 12 protein kinase cDNAs were not retrieved.
| AGI | Annotation | Acronym (TAIR) | Kinase number | Full-length localization Onion a | Full-length localization tobacco a | PTD b | PTDPeroxisomal localization c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Confirmed peroxisomal localization | |||||||
| AT5G07180.1 | Receptor-like kinase; ERECTA-LIKE 2 | ERL2 | K1 | Punctate structures | Peroxisomes | FREDISKSSL | This study |
| AT5G60300.3 | L-type lectin receptor kinase I.9 | LECRK-I.9, P2K1, DORN1 | K2 | Punctate structures, aggregates | Peroxisomes | LFFFLQLARL | This study |
| AT4G13190.1 | Protein kinase superfamily protein | PBL24 | K3 | Punctate structures, nucleus? | Peroxisomes, nucleus? | ESPRDVYSLL | This study |
| AT5G49660.1 | Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein kinase family protein | CEPR1, XIP1 | K4 | Punctate structures | Peroxisomes | VSDHLTQTRL | This study |
| AT3G57760.1 | Protein kinase superfamily protein | ZRK6 | K8 | Punctate structures, nucleus? | Peroxisomes | SNNRSQMSSI | This study |
| AT4G31230.1 | Kinase with adenine nucleotide alpha hydrolases-like domain-containing protein | PK2 | K13 | Cytosol, punctate structures, nucleus? | Peroxisomes, nucleus?, cytosol | TESQTSSPKL | Ma and Reumann, (2008) |
| AT3G08720.1 | Serine/threonine protein kinase 2 | ATPK19, ATPK2, PK6 | K15 | Punctate structures, network-like | Peroxisomes | SFLHRTTSNL | Ma and Reumann, (2008) |
| AT3G20530.1 | Protein kinase superfamily protein | PBL23, PK1 | K16 | Punctate structures | Peroxisomes | EEEEDERSKL | Ma and Reumann, 2008; Lingner et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2017 |
| Partial peroxisomal localization | |||||||
| AT2G26830.1 | Protein kinase; Embryo defective 1187; Choline/Ethanolamine kinase 4 | CEK4, EMB1187 | K5 | Cytosol, nucleus? | Cytosol, nucleus? partly in peroxisomes | LVTSHLSASL | This study |
| AT1G76540.1 | Cyclin-dependent kinase | CDKB2-1 | K6 | Cytosol, network-like, nucleus? | Network-like, partly in peroxisomes | FDDLPEKSSL | This study |
| AT3G17420.1 | Glyoxysomal protein kinase 1 | GPK1, PK7 | K17 | Cytosol, little punctate structures | Partially in peroxisomes | DNDITTDAKI | Ma and Reumann, (2008) |
| AT5G03730.1 | Constitutive triple response 1; sugar insensitive 1 | CTR1, SIS1 | K19 | Punctate structures, nucleus? | Partially in peroxisomes | AVPPPNRSDL | Chowdhary et al. (2012) |
| Non-peroxisomal localization and untested full-length protein kinases | |||||||
| AT1G29720.1 | Transmembrane protein kinase | RFK1 | K9 | ND | ND | STVENSSSSL | This study |
| AT5G51560.1 | Leucine-rich repeat protein kinase family protein | ND | K10 | ND | ND | HELGNCSSCL | This study |
| AT1G34420.1 | Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein kinase family protein | ND | K11 | ND | ND | KTVLRMLTRL | This study |
| AT1G74330.1 | Protein kinase superfamily protein | ND | K12 | ND | ND | KKILLFSSEL | This study |
| AT3G61960.1 | Protein kinase superfamily protein | ATG1A, ATPK4 | K7 | Cytosol | Cytosol, network-like | SNLQHRRSHL | This study; Ma and Reumann, 2008 |
| AT1G69270.1 | Receptor-like protein kinase 1 | RPK1, PK5 | K14 | Cytosol, network-like | Cytosol, network-like | LLKRIQPSRL | Ma and Reumann, 2008; Narsai et al., 2011 |
| AT5G04870.1 | Calcium-dependent kinase 1 | CPK1 | K18 | Cytosol, network-like | Cytosol, network-like | EKSFSIALKL | Lingner et al. (2011) |
The results of subcellular localization of EYFP fusions in onion epidermal cells and tobacco, respectively (Figures 3–5; Supplementary Figures 3–6).
The cloned presumptive PTD (C-terminal decapeptides of each kinase).
The study where the PTS1/PTD investigation was reported. ND, not determined.