TABLE 1.

Demographic data and group comparisons (N = 121).

	Mean (std)		Group comparison
	PP	MC	statistic	p	95% CI
Age	69.49 (3.22)	69.42 (3.79)	t = 0.11	0.91	−1.19, 1.33
Males/ Females	27/32	25/37	χ2 = 0.37	0.55
Education	3.93 (1.39)	4.05 (1.34)	χ 2 = 2.42	0.79
COGTEL score	30.66 (6.72)	32.23 (7.48)	t = −1.21	0.23	−4.13, 0.99
Weekly homework (min)	269.58 (142.49)	232.26 (121.44)	t = 1.55	0.12	−9.42, 85.75
RAVLT-DelayedR	0.153	0.016	t = 0.323	0.75	−0.699, 0.972

Education was measured in different levels (1 = primary school, 2 = middle school, 3 = high school, 4 = Bachelor’s degree, 5 = Master’s degree, 6 = doctorate degree). COGTEL, Cognitive Telephone Screening Instrument; RAVLT-DelayedR, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (delayed recall); MC, music listening/musical culture group; PP, piano playing group; CI, confidence Interval. Group differences were calculated using a two-sample independent t-test for age, COGTEL score, weekly homework, and RAVLT-DelayedR score difference and a chi-squared test for males/females and education.