Table 4.
Study characteristics of studies assessing the chronic effects of physical activity/movement interventions (ASD and DCD).
| References | Design/evidence level | Sample (E/C) | Age (E/C: M ±SD; Range) | Gender (E/C) | IQ (E/C) | Movement int | Min/s; s/Wk; # of WKs | Intensity (% HR max/ mean±SD) | Control int | Neural measure | Task |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Autism spectrum disorder | |||||||||||
| Brand et al. (111) | Pre-post/III | 10/– | 10.0 ± 2.3/–; 7–13 |
5M5F/– | –/– | Cycling & motor skill training | 60; 3; 3 | –/– | – | EEG | Sleep |
| Cai et al. (85) | CCT/II | 15/14 | 5.1 ± 0.6/ 4.6 ± 0.7; 3–6 |
2M3F/13M1F | –/– | Mini-Basketball training | 40; 5; 12 | –/ 136.0 ± 6.1 | ABA training | DTI | Resting state |
| Chan et al. (86) | RCT/I | 20/20 | 11.3 ± 3.9/ 12.4 ± 3.3; 6–17 |
19M1F/17M3F | 78.4 ± 18.9/ 80.5 ± 18.5 | Nei Yang Gong | 60; 2; 4 | –/– | Muscle relaxation | EEG | Inhibitory control |
| Chan et al. (87) | RCT/I | 18/17 | 11.9 ± 4.1/ 11.0 ± 3.3; 5–17 |
17M1F/15M2F | 76.3 ± 17.7/ 86.5 ± 17.5 | Nei Gong | 60; 2; 4 | –/– | Muscle relaxation | EEG | Visual memory |
| Corbett et al. (88) | RCT/I | 17/13 | 11.38 ± 2.5/ 10.7 ± 1.9; 8–14 |
13M4F/11M2F | 100.1 ± 16.8/ 95.9 ± 21.2 | SENSE-theater treatment | 240; 1; 10 | –/– | Waitlist | EEG | Face memory |
| LaGasse et al. (112) | Pre-post/III | 7/– | 8.4 ± 2.9/–; 5–12 |
6M1F/– | –/– | Music therapy | 35; 2; 5 | –/– | – | EEG | Sensory gating |
| Sharda et al. (89) | RCT/I | 26/25 | 10.3 ± 1.9/ 10.2 ± 1.9; 6–12 |
21M5F/22M3F | 102.0 ±18.8/ 94.0 ± 18.2 | Music therapy | 45; 1; 8 ~ 12 | –/– | Play-Based intervention | fMRI | Resting state |
| Yang et al. (90) | RCT/II | 15/15 | 4.7 ± 0.7/ 5.0 ± 0.6/ 3–6 |
13M2F/12M3F | – | Mini-Basketball training | 40; 5; 12 | 60–69%/– | Behavioral intervention | fMRI | Resting state |
| Developmental coordination disorder | |||||||||||
| Tsai et al. (104) | RCT/I | 16/14 | 9.7 ± 0.4/ 9.5 ± 0.3; 9–10 |
9M7F/9M5F | 104.6 ± 5.7/ 103.4 ± 6.1 | Soccer training | 50; 5; 10 | – | – | EEG | Inhibitory control |
| Tsai et al. (107) | RCT/I | 20/20 | 11.5 ± 0.3/ 11.5 ± 0.3; 11–12 |
13M7F/12M8F | 108.0 ± 6.5/ 108.4 ± 7.1 | Aerobic exercise | 50; 3; 16 | 80–90% | – | EEG | Working memory |
RCT, Randomized control trials; CCT, Controlled clinical trial; Pre-Post, Pre-post-test design; E, Experimental group; C, Comparison group; M, Mean; SD, Standard deviation; M, Male; F, Female; IQ, Intelligence quotient; INT, Intervention; MIN, Minute; S, Session; WK, Week; HR MAX, Maximum heart rate; ABA, Applied behavior analysis; SENSE, Social emotional NeuroScience endocrinology; EEG, Electroencephalogram; DTI, Diffusion tensor imaging; fMRI, Functional magnetic resonance imaging.