Table 6.

Study characteristics of studies assessing the acute effects of physical activity/movement interventions (ASD & ID).

References	Design/evidence level	Sample (E/C)	Age (E/C: M ±SD; Range)	Gender (E/C)	IQ (E/C)	Movement int	Time (min)	Intensity (% HR max/mean±SD)	Control int	NeurAL measure	Task
Autism spectrum disorder
Brand et al. (111)	Pre-post/III	10/–	10.0 ± 2.3/–; 7–13	5M5F/–	–/–	Aerobic bicycle & motor skill training	60	–/–	–	EEG	Sleep
Bremer et al. (84)	Cross-Over/I	12/12	11.1 ± 1.3/ 11.1 ± 1.3; –	12M0F/12M0F	–/–	E1: Circuit; E2: Treadmill	20	60–80%/–	Video watching	fNIRS	Inhibitory control & Sustained attention
Intellectual disabilities
Chen et al. (114)	Pre-post/III	12/12	DS: 21.3 ± 5.4; ASD: 18.5 ± 2.0 FXS: 26.17	8M4F/–	–	Treadmill running	20	<85%	–	EEG	Resting state
Vogt et al. (115)	Pre-post/III	11/11	22.5 ± 9.9/–; –	12M0F/–	–	Running	30	–; 154.5 ± 14.4	–	EEG	Resting state
Vog et al. (110)	Cross-Over/II	11/11	16.0 ± 1.34/ 16.0 ± 1.34; –	6M5F/6M5F	–	Cycling	10	–; 143.1 ± 14.4	Music listening	EEG	Resting state & decision making

Pre-Post, Pre-post-test design; Cross-over, Cross-over design (note that the same group of participants act as the experimental and comparison groups); E, Experimental group (E1, the first experimental group; E2, the second experimental group; E3, the third experimental group); C, Comparison group; DS, Down syndrome; ASD, Autism spectrum disorder; FXS, Fragile X syndrome; M, Mean; SD, Standard deviation; M, Male; F, Female; IQ, Intelligence quotient; INT, Intervention; MIN, Minute; HR MAX, Maximum heart rate; EEG, Electroencephalogram; fNIRS, functional near infrared spectroscopy; fMRI, Functional magnetic resonance imaging.