Table 1. Sample characteristics and study outcomes of research reporting the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, 2021.
| Country and study (year data collected) | Study area | Age, years | Sex | Sample size | COPD criteria |
Prevalence of COPD based on GOLD fixed criteria, % (95% CI) |
Prevalence of COPD based on the lower limit of normal criteria, % |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixeda | Lower limit of normalb | Overall | Male | Female | Overall | Male | Female | |||||
| COPD confirmed with post-bronchodilation spirometry | ||||||||||||
| Studies included in meta-analysis | ||||||||||||
| Bangladesh | ||||||||||||
| Alam et al., 2015 (2011–2012)25 | Rural Matlab and suburban Kamlapur | ≥ 40 | Male, female | 3660 | Yes | Yes | Total: 13.5 (12.4–14.6), rural: 17.0, urban: 9.9 | Total: 22.0 | Total: 6.4 | Total: 10.3 (9.3–11.3), rural: 12.5, urban: 8.0 | Total:16.2 | Total: 5.3 |
| Biswas et al., 2016 (2010–2011)36 | Rural Chittagong | > 40 | Female | 250 | Yes | No | NA | NA | 20.4 | NA | NA | NA |
| Islam et al., 2013 (2008)26 | Urban Dhaka | ≥ 35 | Male, female | 900 | Yes | No | 11.4 | 11.7 | 10.6 | NA | NA | NA |
| India | ||||||||||||
| Burney et al., 2020 (NR)24c | Mumbai | ≥ 40 | Male, female | 275 males; 165 females | No | Yes | NA | NA | NA | NR | 6.2 | 7.9 |
| Pune | ≥ 40 | Male, female | 501 males; 341 females | No | Yes | NA | NA | NA | NR | 5.8 | 6.7 | |
| Srinagar | ≥ 40 | Male, female | 411 males; 341 females | No | Yes | NA | NA | NA | NR | 17.3 | 15.5 | |
| Mysore | ≥ 40 | Male, female | 256 males; 345 females | No | Yes | NA | NA | NA | NR | 11.3 | 5.5 | |
| Christopher et al., 2020 (2018)28 | Rural Vellore | ≥ 30 | Male, female | 787 | Yes | Yes | 4.1 (2.7–5.5) | 5.7 | 2.9 | 4.6 | 4.2 | 4.9 |
| Johnson et al., 2011 (2007)29 | Rural Tiruvallur | ≥ 30 | Femaled | 900 | Yes | No | NA | NA | 2.4 (1.4–3.5) | NA | NA | NA |
| Koul et al., 2016 (2010–2011)21c | Rural Srinagar | ≥ 40 | Male, female | 757 | Yes | Yes | 19.3 | 23.7 | 14.5 | 16.1 | 17.3 | 14.8 |
| Mukhmohit et al., 2014 (NR)37 | Rural Ambala | ≥ 35 | Female | 1027 | Yes | No | NA | NA | 5.1 | NA | NA | NA |
| Sinha et al., 2017 (2012–2013)38 | Urban Delhi | ≥ 30 | Male, female | 1203 | Yes | No | 10.1 (8.5–11.9) | 12.2 | 7.7 | NA | NA | NA |
| Triest et al., 2019 (NR)22c | Srinagar | ≥ 40 | Male, female | 739 | No | Yes | NA | NA | NA | 16.4 | NR | NR |
| Mumbai | ≥ 40 | Male, female | 440 | No | Yes | NA | NA | NA | 6.8 | NR | NR | |
| Pune | ≥ 40 | Male, female | 843 | No | Yes | NA | NA | NA | 6.2 | NR | NR | |
| Nepal | ||||||||||||
| Adhikari et al., 2020 (2019)30 | Semi-urban Pokhara | ≥ 40 | Male, female | 1508 | Yes | Yes | 8.5 (7.2–10.0) | 10.9 (8.7–13.5) | 6.4 (4.9–8.4) | 5.4 (4.2–6.6) | 7.6 (5.8–9.9) | 3.5 (2.4–5.0) |
| Sri Lanka | ||||||||||||
| Triest et al., 2019 (NR)22c | Colombo | ≥ 40 | Male, female | 1020 | No | Yes | NA | NA | NA | 7.3 | NR | NR |
| Studies not included in meta-analysis | ||||||||||||
| Bangladesh | ||||||||||||
| Grigsby et al., 2016 (2011–2012)27e | Rural Matlab | ≥ 40 | Male, female | 1846 | No | Yes | NA | NA | NA | 15.0 | NR | NR |
| Urban Dhaka | ≥ 40 | Male, female | 1878 | No | Yes | NA | NA | NA | 10.0 | NR | NR | |
| India | ||||||||||||
| Burney et al., 2014c: Mumbai (2006–2008); Pune (2008–2009); Srinagar (2010–2011)20e | Mumbai | ≥ 40 | Male, female | 440 | No | Yes | NA | NA | NA | NR | 6.0 | 7.6 |
| Pune | 843 | No | Yes | NA | NA | NA | NR | 5.7 | 6.8 | |||
| Srinagar | 763 | No | Yes | NA | NA | NA | NR | 17.3 | 14.8 | |||
| Townend et al., 2017 (NR)23c,e | Kashmir | ≥ 40 | Male, female | 738 | No | Yes | NA | NA | NA | 16.0 | NR | NR |
| Mahesh et al., 2018 (2014–2016)39f | Rural Mysuru | > 30 | Male, female | Phase 1: 8457, phase 2: 1085 | Yes | No | 0.92 | 1.0 | 0.6 | NA | NA | NA |
| Sri Lanka | ||||||||||||
| Townend et al., 2017 (NR) 23c,e | NR | ≥ 40 | Male, female | 1035 | No | Yes | NA | NA | NA | 8.0 | NR | NR |
| COPD without confirmation with post-bronchodilation spirometry | ||||||||||||
| India | ||||||||||||
| Arora et al., 2018 (2015)40 | Urban Delhi | 18–59 | Female | 299g | Yes | No | NA | NA | 5.0 | NA | NA | NA |
| Chaturvedi et al., 2015 (2014–2015)41 | Rural Muzaffarnagar | ≥ 30 | Male, female | 908 | Yes | No | 7.8 | NR | NR | NA | NA | NA |
| Mukherjee et al., 2014 (NR)42 | Rural West Bengal | 23–43 | Femaleh,i | 1119 | Yes | No | NA | NA | 2.8 | NA | NA | NA |
| Panigrahi et al., 2018 (NR)43 | Rural Khordha | 18–49 | Femaled,i | 1120 | Yes | No | NA | NA | All: 22.4 Exposed to biomass fuel smoke: 31.0 Exposed to mixed fuel smoke: 22.8 Not exposed: 7.8 |
NA | NA | NA |
| Parasuramalu et al., 2014 (2008)44 | Rural Bengaluru | > 35 | Male, female | 1400 | Yes | No | 4.4 | NR | NR | NA | NA | NA |
| Pathak et al., 2019 (NR)45 | Rural western Uttar Pradesh | > 18 | Female | 310 | Yes | No | NA | NA | 17.42 | NA | NA | NA |
| Shanmugananth et al., 2019 (NR)46 | Chennai, Surendranagar and Hisar | > 30 | Male, female | 1000 | Yes | No | 9.0 | NR | NR | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al., 2016 (2016)47 | Rural Jammu | > 20 | Male, female | 2018 | Peak expiratory flow rate | No | 4.2 | 5.4 | 2.8 | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al., 2019 (2012–2013)48 | Urban Ludhiana | > 20 | Male, female | 8128 | Yes | No | 3.2/1000 | NR | NR | NA | NA | NA |
| Nepal | ||||||||||||
| Dhimal et al., 2019 (2016–2018)49 | Nationwide | ≥ 20 | Male, female | 13 200 | Yes | No | 11.7 (10.5–12.9) | 12.6 (11.2–14.1) | 11.0 (9.6–12.4) | NA | NA | NA |
| Kurmi et al., 2013 (2006–2007)50 | Rural and urban Kathmandu | ≥ 16 | Male, female | 1392 | Yes | Yes | NR | NR | NR | Exposed to biomass fuel smoke: 8.1 Not exposed: 3.6 |
Exposed to biomass fuel smoke: 7.4 Not exposed: 3.3 |
Exposed to biomass fuel smoke: 10.8 Not exposed: 3.8 |
CI: confidence interval; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GOLD: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; NA: not applicable; NR: not reported.
a Fixed criteria defined as a post-bronchodilator ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) to the forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC < 0.70.
b The lower limit of normal criteria defined as a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC below the lower limit of normal, i.e. the lower fifth centile of values from a reference population.
c Data from the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) Study.
d Non-smokers.
e Because more recent or detailed data available from another study.
f Only 15% of study participants underwent spirometry.
g 500 women consented and acceptable spirometry data for 299 women were used for analysis.
h Premenopausal women.
i Involved with cooking.