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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Microbiol. 2021 Jan 25;6(4):425–434. doi: 10.1038/s41564-020-00854-z

Fig. 2 |. PfNd9 is essential for rhoptry secretion in P. falciparum.

Fig. 2 |

a, Freeze-fracture electron microscopy of a P. falciparum merozoite (P face) showing a rosette of intramembranous particles (white arrow). Higher magnification at the bottom. Bar is 100 nm. b, Growth curves (parasitaemias) of p230p DiCre (Ctrl) and Pfnd9-iKO mutant ± rapamycin shows that PfNd9-depleted parasites have a growth defect. On the right: Giemsa staining of the growth experiment illustrating development and reinvasion of p230p DiCre (Ctrl) and Pfnd9-iKO merozoites (along 2 cycles) ± rapamycin treatment. c, Quantification of egress of Pfnd9iKO ± rapamycin schizonts. Data collected from 8 movies of Pfnd9-iKO ± rapamycin. d, Left: IFA illustrating AMA1 protein stored in micronemes (top) or secreted and translocated at the surface of the parasite prior to egress (bottom). MSP1: surface marker. Right: Proportion of infected cells (± rapamycin) exhibiting AMA1 secretion.. e, Quantification of rhoptry secretion events in Pfnd9-iKO ± rapamycin-treated schizonts using anti-PfRAP2 antibodies to visualise rhoptry secretion events (‘spits’ of RAP2 export into the RBC).