TABLE 1.
Behavioral tests results. Independent t tests comparing the behavioral scores between children with dyslexia and TR. Bonferroni‐corrected p < .0025
| TR | Children with dyslexia | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | Males | Females | Chi‐squared | |
| Sex a | 25 | 11 | 22 | 17 | 1.668, p > .05 |
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Student's t test | |
| Age | 10.06 | 1.39 | 9.77 | 1.39 | .915, p > .05 |
| Reading measures | |||||
|
Spelling WJ—Standard score |
104.36 | 11.84 | 85.21 | 15.6 | 6.049*** |
|
Oral comprehension WJ passage comprehension—Standard score |
105.53 | 11.77 | 84.47 | 14.03 | 7.141*** |
|
Phoneme deletion CTOPP elision—Scaled score |
11.17 | 2.26 | 7.84 | 2.81 | 5.722*** |
|
Phoneme blending CTOPP blending words—Scaled score |
10.94 | 2.46 | 8.19 | 2.73 | 4.68*** |
|
Word reading TOWRE SWE—Standard score |
104.25 | 10.93 | 82.4 | 14.35 | 7.48*** |
|
Pseudoword reading TOWRE PDE—Standard score |
102.97 | 10.20 | 82.65 | 12.67 | 7.745*** |
|
Word and nonword reading ability TOWRE SWEPDE—Standard score |
104.72 | 12.27 | 82.12 | 21.29 | 5.065*** |
|
Reading comprehension TOSREC—Percentile |
54.91 | 26.63 | 25.67 | 24.39 | 5.05*** |
|
Letter and word reading WJ letter word—Standard score |
113.11 | 11.12 | 87.49 | 17.05 | 7.737*** |
|
Reading comprehension GORT—Percentile |
59.46 | 30.04 | 25.42 | 19.23 | 6.063*** |
| Visual attention | |||||
|
Visual attention TEA‐Ch sky search—Scaled score |
8.83 | 2.679 | 7.36 | 2.933 | 2.148, p = .035 |
| Executive functions | |||||
|
Flexibility DKEFS—Trail Making Test (letter‐word sequencing)—Scaled score |
10.08 | 2.49 | 7.53 | 4 | 4.06*** |
|
Inhibition DKEFS color‐word—Scaled score |
10.17 | 2.65 | 8.68 | 3.02 | 2.03, p = .046 |
|
Working memory WISC digit span—Scaled score |
11.22 | 2.81 | 9.03 | 2.74 | 3.449*** |
|
Digit naming CTOPP—Scaled score |
9.81 | 2.47 | 7.37 | 3.04 | 3.85*** |
| Basic verbal and nonverbal abilities | |||||
|
Nonverbal intelligence TONI—Percentile |
72 | 20.26 | 54.18 | 21.98 | 3.612*** |
|
Receptive vocabulary PPVT—Standard score |
120.66 | 16.163 | 106.78 | 15.232 | 3.849*** |
| Processing speed | |||||
|
Processing speed WISC coding—Scaled score |
9.56 | 2.27 | 7.8 | 2.98 | 2.863, p = .015 |
Note: Standard score is mean of 100, SD of 15; scaled score is mean of 10, SD of 3. ***p < .001.
Abbreviations: CTOPP, Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing; DKEF, Delis‐Kaplan Executive Functions; GORT, Gray Oral Reading Test; PDE, Phonemic Decoding Efficiency; PPVT, Peabody Picture‐Vocabulary Test; SD, Standard Deviation; SWE, Sight Word Efficiency; TEA‐Ch, Test of Everyday Attention for Children; TOSREC, Test Of Silent Reading Efficiency and Comprehension; TOWRE, Test of Word Reading Efficiency; TR, typical readers; WISC, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; WISC, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; WJ, Woodcock‐Johnson IV Test of Achievement.
For the categorical variable gender, Pearson's chi‐squared test was utilized to identify differences between the groups.