Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and body composition data of COVID-19 critically ill patients.
| Characteristics | All patients (n = 86) | Normal muscle mass (n = 45) | Low muscle mass (n = 41) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years mean (SD) | 48.6 ± 12.9 | 46.4 ± 12.4 | 51.0 ± 13 | 0.08 |
| 20–30 y n (%) | 8 (9%) | 5 (11%) | 3 (7%) | |
| 31–40 y n (%) | 16 (18%) | 9 (20%) | 7 (17%) | |
| 41–50 y n (%) | 25 (29%) | 15 (33%) | 10 (24%) | 0.77 |
| 51–60 y n (%) | 21 (25%) | 10 (22%) | 11 (27%) | |
| 61–70 y n (%) | 13 (15%) | 5 (12%) | 8 (20%) | |
| >71 y n (%) | 3 (4%) | 1 (2%) | 2 (5%) | |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Males | 63 (73%) | 37 (82%) | 26 (64%) | 0.04∗ |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Diabetes | 33 (39%) | 11 (25%) | 22 (54%) | 0.005∗ |
| Hypertension | 33 (39%) | 14 (31%) | 19 (46%) | 0.14 |
| Acute kidney injury | 34 (39%) | 22 (49%) | 12 (29%) | 0.06 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 29.2 ± 5.5 | 29.4 ± 4.3 | 29.1 ± 6.5 | 0.79 |
| 18.5–24.9, n (%) | 16 (19%) | 6 (14%) | 10 (24%) | |
| 25–29.9.9, n (%) | 33 (38%) | 20 (44%) | 13 (32%) | 0.49 |
| ≥30–34.9, n (%) | 24 (28%) | 12 (27%) | 12 (29%) | |
| ≥35, n (%) | 13 (15%) | 7 (15%) | 6 (15%) | |
| Weight, kg, mean (SD) | 83.5 ± 16.5 | 84.7 ± 14.3 | 82.1 ± 18.7 | 0.46 |
| Males | 85.1 ± 17.1 | 86.3 ± 13.4 | 83.4 ± 21.4 | 0.50 |
| Females | 78.9 ± 14.2 | 77.3 ± 16.9 | 79.8 ± 13.2 | 0.69 |
| Height, cm, mean (SD) | 167.5 ± 9.3 | 168.8 ± 7.9 | 166.1 ± 10.6 | 0.18 |
| Males | 171.5 ± 6.4 | 171.0 ± 6.5 | 172.3 ± 6.3 | 0.43 |
| Females | 156.6 ± 7.3 | 158.8 ± 6.2 | 155.5 ± 7.8 | 0.30 |
| Mid-upper arm circumference, cm, mean (SD) | 31.7 ± 3.7 | 32.6 ± 3.1 | 30.8 ± 4.2 | 0.02∗ |
| Males | 31.8 ± 4.0 | 32.6 ± 3.0 | 30.6 ± 4.9 | 0.04∗ |
| Females | 31.6 ± 3.0 | 32.3 ± 3.4 | 31.2 ± 2.8 | 0.40 |
| Calf circumferencea, cm, mean (SD) | 35.4 ± 3.6 | 36.2 ± 2.8 | 34.5 ± 3.8 | 0.02∗ |
| Males | 35.6 ± 3.4 | 36.4 ± 2.7 | 34.6 ± 4.0 | 0.04∗ |
| Females | 34.8 ± 3.6 | 35.6 ± 3.2 | 34.3 ± 3.7 | 0.42 |
| Phase angle (°), mean (SD) | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 5.6 ± 1.0 | 4.6 ± 0.9 | <0.001∗ |
| Males | 5.2 ± 1.2 | 5.7 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 0.9 | <0.001∗ |
| Females | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 5.3 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.7 | 0.02∗ |
| Fat free mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 19.7 ± 3.1 | 20.8 ± 3.1 | 18.7 ± 2.8 | 0.001∗ |
| Males | 20.2 ± 3.4 | 21.3 ± 3.2 | 19.0 ± 3.2 | 0.008∗ |
| Females | 18.4 ± 1.8 | 18.8 ± 1.6 | 18.3 ± 1.8 | 0.49 |
| NUTRIC-Score, mean (SD) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 0.60 |
| High risk (%) | 36 (41%) | 17 (38%) | 19 (46%) | 0.42 |
| Skeletal Muscle Area (cm2), mean (SD) | 144.5 ± 39.2 | 167.3 ± 33.0 | 118.6 ± 28.4 | <0.001∗ |
| Males | 159.9 ± 31.0 | 177.7 ± 25.0 | 130.8 ± 15.9 | <0.001∗ |
| Females | 100.7 ± 23.7 | 119.6 ± 21.8 | 90.6 ± 18.2 | 0.002∗ |
| Skeletal Muscle Index (cm2/m2), mean (SD) | 50.8 ± 11.0 | 58.2 ± 8.3 | 42.3 ± 6.7 | <0.001∗ |
| Males | 54.3 ± 9.7 | 60.6 ± 6.5 | 45.3 ± 5.5 | <0.001∗ |
| Females | 40.7 ± 7.5 | 47.3 ± 6.6 | 37.2 ± 5.5 | 0.001∗ |
| Muscle radiodensity (HU), mean (SD) | 30.4 ± 7.2 | 32.9 ± 6.0 | 27.5 ± 7.6 | <0.001∗ |
| Males | 32.3 ± 6.7 | 33.7 ± 6.1 | 30.4 ± 7.1 | 0.04∗ |
| Females | 25.1 ± 6.2 | 29.5 ± 4.1 | 22.7 ± 6.0 | 0.01∗ |
| Muscle Radiodensity | ||||
| Normal muscle radiodensity | 26 (30%) | 19 (42%) | 7 (17%) | 0.01 |
| Low muscle radiodensity | 60 (70%) | 26 (58%) | 34 (83%) | |
| Visceral adiposity (cm2), median (IQR) | 186 (148–249) | 143 (109–267) | 184 (154–230) | 0.81 |
| Males | 206 (161–273) | 214 (153–274) | 191 (176–268) | 0.80 |
| Females | 148 (119–184) | 120 (116–154) | 154 (132–213) | 0.052 |
| Subcutaneous adiposity (cm2), median (IQR) | 228 (166–297) | 228 (188–289) | 234 (144–307) | 0.66 |
| Males | 212 (164–274) | 214 (173–277) | 166 (130–274) | 0.12 |
| Females | 289 (235–362) | 259 (210–362) | 303 (249–459) | 0.61 |
| Intermuscular adipose tissue (cm2), median (IQR) | 11 (7–17) | 9 (7–16) | 12 (9–22) | 0.02∗ |
| Males | 10 (7–16) | 8 (7–16) | 12 (8–19) | 0.19 |
| Females | 16 (10–26) | 10 (8–19) | 17 (12–27) | 0.13 |
| Total adipose tissue (cm2), median (IQR) | 450 (362–540) | 455 (374–540) | 448 (349–539) | 0.57 |
| Males | 450 (362–540) | 469 (393–541) | 410 (336–535) | 0.17 |
| Females | 453 (402–497) | 414 (356–486) | 482 (414–625) | 0.22 |
| SOFA Score, mean (SD) | 9.7 ± 2.9 | 9.5 ± 2.7 | 9.9 ± 3.2 | 0.56 |
| APACHE II Score, mean (SD) | 19 ± 6 | 19 ± 6 | 19 ± 5 | 0.94 |
SD: Standard Deviation, IQR: Interquartile Range, BMI: Body Mass Index.
∗Significant results (P < 0.05).
a
After BMI-adjusted HU: Hounsfield Unit, SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, APACHE: Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation II.