Table 1. Binding Affinity Measured by Fluorescence Quenching and ELISA Assays.

system	GQD-based fluorescence quenching	ELISA-like assay
LL-37 & HNP1-attached GQDs	8 ± 1 nM	9 ± 1 nM
LL-37-attached GQDs	12 ± 1 nM	13 ± 1 nM
HNP1-attached GQDs	120 ± 20 nM	116 ± 20 nM
LL-37 peptide		16 ± 1 nM
HNP1 peptide		160 ± 40 nM
ACE2		8 ± 1 nM
GQDs	3.8 ± 0.6 μM	3.2 ± 0.5 μM