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. 2022 Feb 15;12:690082. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690082

Figure 4.

Figure 4

The complicated chemokines and their receptors network in the microenvironment of T1DM. The chemokine system plays a variety of roles in the T1DM microenvironment. Pancreatic islets and PAT are exposed to an early damage and start to secrete numerous pro-inflammatory chemokines/cytokines. The effective chemokines and their receptors can also cause a variety of immune cells to enter the pancreatic islets and PAT site to play the role of immune attack. T1DM progression is characterized by a massive and progressive secretion of pro-inflammatory chemokines/cytokines caused by pancreatic β cell death. Due to this process, various immune cell types (i.e., neutrophils, macrophages, NK cell, dendritic cell and specifically T cells) are recruited in the pancreatic tissue. These immune cells further release more innate inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to a rapid increase β cell death. T1DM, Type 1 diabetes mellitus; PAT, peri-pancreatic adipose tissue; CCR, CC chemokines receptor; CXCR, CXC chemokines receptor; NK, Natural killer; Tregs, Regulatory T cells. (Drawn by AK).