Table IV.
Characteristics of adolescents aged 12-19 years, NHANES 1988-2012
| Normal weight |
Overweight or obese |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | 1988-1994, N = 1985 (95% CI) | 1999-2002, N = 2844 (95% CI) | 2003-2006, N = 2629 (95% CI) | 2007-2012, N = 2211 (95% CI) | P value for trend* | 1988-1994, N = 780 (95% CI) | 1999-2002, N = 1576 (95% CI) | 2003-2006, N = 1518 (95% CI) | 2007-2012, N = 1301 (95% CI) | P value for trend* |
| Age group, % | ||||||||||
| 12-15 y | 48.1 (44.0-52.2) | 50.9 (48.2-53.5) | 50.9 (48.0-53.8) | 50.4 (47.0-53.8) | .399 | 60.0 (53.6-66.1) | 51.8 (47.6-56.0) | 52.6 (48.1-57.0) | 54.3 (50.6-57.9) | .162 |
| 16-19 y | 51.9 (47.8-56.0) | 49.1 (46.5-51.8) | 49.1 (46.2-52.0) | 49.6 (46.2-53.0) | .399 | 40.0 (33.9-46.4) | 48.2 (44.0-52.4) | 47.4 (43.0-51.9) | 45.7 (42.1-49.4) | .162 |
| Sex, % | ||||||||||
| Male | 51.3 (47.0-55.6) | 51.5 (49.4-53.7) | 50.6 (48.0-53.2) | 50.8 (48.1-53.4) | .745 | 50.0 (44.6-55.4) | 52.0 (47.9-56.0) | 52.7 (49.0-56.4) | 53.1 (49.4-56.8) | .344 |
| Female | 48.7 (44.4-53.0) | 48.5 (46.3-50.6) | 49.4 (46.8-52.0) | 49.2 (46.6-51.9) | .745 | 50.0 (44.6-55.4) | 48.0 (44.0-52.1) | 47.3 (43.6-51.0) | 46.9 (43.2-50.6) | .344 |
| Race/ethnicity, % | ||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 68.6 (63.3-73.4) | 61.6 (57.1-65.8) | 65.0 (59.5-70.0) | 61.1 (56.5-65.6) | .095 | 65.5 (58.4-71.9) | 53.6 (48.4-58.7) | 62.2 (54.3-69.5) | 52.7 (46.7-58.5) | .030 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 14.5 (11.9-17.7) | 12.7 (10.1-16.0) | 13.8 (10.5-17.9) | 13.6 (11.0-16.6) | .777 | 16.3 (13.1-20.1) | 16.3 (12.6-20.8) | 16.3 (12.7-20.7) | 17.2 (13.8-21.2) | .748 |
| Mexican American | 7.5 (5.6-9.9) | 9.3 (7.1-12.1) | 10.3 (7.9-13.4) | 11.5 (9.2-14.3) | .016 | 9.8 (7.5-12.5) | 14.3 (10.9-18.5) | 12.7 (9.7-16.4) | 16.3 (12.7-20.5) | .014 |
| Other | 9.4 (6.7-13.1) | 16.4 (12.5-21.1) | 10.9 (8.9-13.4) | 13.8 (11.5-16.6) | .264 | 8.5 (4.2-16.4) | 15.8 (10.9-22.4) | 8.8 (5.9-12.8) | 13.9 (11.3-17.0) | .365 |
| Smoking status, %† | ||||||||||
| Current smoker | 21.8 (18.6-25.4) | 19.3 (16.6-22.3) | 17.2 (14.9-19.7) | 14.2 (12.3-16.3) | <.001 | 23.0 (18.2-28.5) | 21.5 (18.0-25.4) | 17.0 (14.6-19.8) | 14.5 (11.6-18.0) | .002 |
| Noncurrent smoker | 78.2 (74.6-81.4) | 80.7 (77.7-83.4) | 82.8 (80.3-85.1) | 85.8 (83.7-87.7) | <.001 | 77.0 (71.5-81.8) | 78.5 (74.6-82.0) | 83.0 (80.2-85.4) | 85.5 (82.0-88.4) | .002 |
| PIR, %‡ | ||||||||||
| <1 (poor) | 19.5 (17.0-22.3) | 21.2 (18.2-24.5) | 20.1 (17.0-23.5) | 20.9 (18.0-24.2) | .550 | 28.4 (22.2-35.5) | 28.7 (25.2-32.6) | 23.2 (19.0-28.0) | 27.3 (23.6-31.4) | .456 |
| ≥1-<2 (near poor) | 23.9 (20.0-28.2) | 24.2 (22.1-26.5) | 19.8 (17.5-22.3) | 21.0 (18.2-24.0) | .068 | 26.5 (21.4-32.3) | 22.5 (18.9-26.6) | 21.8 (19.0-24.9) | 24.0 (21.0-27.3) | .466 |
| ≥2-<3 (middle income) | 22.5 (18.5-27.1) | 15.5 (13.3-17.9) | 15.3 (12.9-18.2) | 14.6 (12.6-16.9) | .002 | 23.1 (17.6-29.7) | 16.1 (13.2-19.4) | 20.0 (17.1-23.3) | 15.2 (12.6-18.4) | .037 |
| ≥3 (high income) | 34.0 (29.6-38.7) | 39.1 (35.4-43.0) | 44.8 (40.0-49.7) | 43.5 (38.8-48.4) | <.001 | 22.0 (15.7-30.0) | 32.7 (28.9-36.8) | 35.0 (30.4-39.9) | 33.4 (29.0-38.2) | .004 |
| BMI, mean | 20.3 (20.1-20.4) | 20.4 (20.2-20.5) | 20.3 (20.1-20.5) | 20.5 (20.3-20.6) | .172 | 28.2 (27.4-28.9) | 29.4 (29.1-29.6) | 29.4 (28.9-29.9) | 29.8 (29.4-32.2) | .001 |
| Waist-to-height ratio, mean§ |
0.43 (0.43-0.44) | 0.45 (0.44-0.45) | 0.45 (0.44-0.45) | 0.45 (0.44-0.45) | <.001 | 0.55 (0.54-0.56) | 0.57 (0.57-0.58) | 0.58 (0.57-0.58) | 0.58 (0.57-0.58) | <.001 |
| HEI-2010, mean¶ | 41.0 (40.0-41.9) | 40.2 (39.4-41.0) | 41.0 (40.3-41.6) | 42.8 (42.0-43.6) | .002 | 39.9 (38.7-41.2) | 39.6 (38.8-40.3) | 40.6 (39.8-41.3) | 42.9 (42.0-43.9) | <.001 |
| SBP, mean** | 106.7 (105.9-107.5) | 107.5 (106.9-108.1) | 108.1 (107.3-109.0) | 107.5 (106.9-108.2) | .089 | 112.0 (110.9-113.0) | 113.7 (112.8-114.6) | 113.6 (112.8-114.5) | 112.5 (111.8-113.3) | .463 |
| DBP, mean** | 60.6 (59.6-61.7) | 63.0 (62.0-64.0) | 60.3 (59.5-61.1) | 60.1 (59.1-61.0) | .052 | 61.5 (59.9-63.0) | 62.2 (61.1-63.3) | 59.5 (58.7-60.4) | 60.7 (59.5-61.9) | .106 |
*
P value for trends across the surveys using logistic regression models. For prevalence of HBP among normal and overweight/obese adolescents, P values for trends during 1999-2012 were used because of the nonlinear changes in the prevalence across the surveys; all tests were 2-tailed.
†
The weighted hot-deck imputation was used to impute 1363 participants with missing information on smoking status.
‡
The weighted hot-deck imputation was used to impute 1214 participants with missing information on PIR.
§
The weighted hot-deck imputation was used to impute 190 participants with missing information on waist-to-height ratio.
¶
The weighted hot-deck imputation was used to impute 458 participants with missing information on HEI-2010.
**
The mean SBP and DBP was adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity.