Fig. 3.

Costs of drug products. Manufacturing costs (A) and the annual cost per patient (B) depend on the category of the drug product (small molecule (SM), biotechnology (BT) or therapeutic nucleic acid (TNA)). Annual costs also depend on dosing and treatment cycles. Each bar shows the mean cost at initial FDA approval; error bars show the range. Costs may vary significantly between individual products, and are influenced by the availability of a generic version of a drug. *Signifies non-GMP manufacturing; costs vary widely based on the type of TNA, length, chemical modifications, and purity. The data plotted are based on Refs. [81], [82], [83], [84], [85].