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. 2022 Feb 15;12:834485. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.834485

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Copyright © 2022 Zhou, Sun, Yu and Zhu

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Molecular mechanisms of gut microbial metabolites involved in T2DM. Various gut microbial metabolites, including SCFAs, bile acids, BCAAs, tryptophan-derived metabolites, TMAO, succinate, imidazole propionate, N-formyl peptide and isovanillic acid 3-O-sulfate, contribute to the development of T2DM through complex molecular mechanisms. SCFAs, Short chain fatty acids; BCAAs, Branched-chain amino acids; TMAO, Trimethylamine N-oxide; GPR43, G protein-coupled receptor 43; FOXO1, Forkhead box O1; GLP-1, Glucagon-like peptide-1; PYY, Peptide YY; HDAC5, Histone deacetylase-5; PCSK9, Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9; TGR5, Takeda G-protein receptor 5; cAMP, Cyclic AMP; D2, Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase; FGF21, Fibroblast growth factor 21; UCP1, Uncoupling protein 1; BCKAs, Branched-chain α-keto acids; mTORC1, Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; GLUT4, Glucose transporter 4; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase.