Table 2.
Exposure to different risk factors for COPD in sub-Saharan Africa in the selected studies *
| Study, year | Sex n (%) | Smoking status | Biomass exposure % | History of TB | Occupational dust exposure % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| Current % | Ever % | Never % | |||||
| Population-based | |||||||
| Burney, 201620 | M: 311 (37.0) | 10.0 | 84.4 | 76.0 | — | 19 | 26.0 |
| F: 529 (63.0) | 6.4 | 57.9 | 16.0 | 12 | 87.0 | ||
| Buist, 200734 | M: 335 (37.0) | 56.9 | 83.0 | 17.0 | — | 19.2 | 61.9 |
| F: 561 (63.0) | 40.6 | 59.0 | 41.0 | — | 11.9 | 38.8 | |
| Burney, 201620 | M: 298 (51.8) | 8.0 | 47.8 | 68 | — | 0 | 18.0 |
| F: 277 (48.2) | 0.2 | 1.4 | 56 | 58.0 | |||
| Burney, 201420 | M: 306 (59.3) | 6.4 | 38.4 | 44 | — | 1 | 90.0 |
| F: 210 (40.7) | 0.8 | 2.9 | 14 | 71.0 | |||
| Fullerton, 201135 | M: 126 (37.9) | 7.5 | 21.4 | 78.6 | 100 | 5.1 | — |
| F: 206 (62.1) | |||||||
| Garthuru, 200236 | M: 235 (57.2) | 9.4 | 32.2 | 67.8 | — | — | — |
| F: 175 (42.8) | 0.0 | 0.6 | 99.4 | ||||
| Burney, 201620 | M: 237 (43.5) | 0.4 | 4.6 | 78 | — | 0 | 65 |
| F: 308 (56.5) | 0 | 0 | 100 | 96 | |||
| Magitta, 201637 | M: 263 (53.0) | 5.4 | 19.8 | 74.8 | 99.5 | 10.0 | — |
| F: 233 (47.0) | |||||||
| Burney, 201620 | M: 160 (40.0) | 7.5 | 30.6 | 38.0 | — | 9 | 75.0 |
| F: 241 (60.0) | 0.2 | 2.5 | 51.0 | — | 62.0 | ||
| Burney, 201620 | M: 221 (51.2) | 10.9 | 48.6 | 58.0 | — | 7 | 36.0 |
| F: 211 (48.8) | 2.1 | 11.3 | 63.0 | 84.0 | |||
| Musafari, 200938 | M: 878 (48.1) | 20.9 | 19.8 | 59.2 | 5.3 | — | 20.5 |
| F: 946 (51.9) | 12.6 | 11.8 | 75.5 | ||||
| Ngahane, 201639 | M: 168 (49.1) | 9.5 | — | — | 100.0 | — | — |
| F: 169 (50.9) | |||||||
| Nightingale, 201340 | M: 637 (43.0) | 22.2 | 77.8 | 99.2 | 3.2 | — | |
| F: 844 (57.0) | |||||||
| North, 201941 | M: 217 (38.0) | 10.0 | 19.0 | 71.0 | — | — | — |
| F: 348 (62.0) | |||||||
| Obaseki, 201625 | M: 609 (40.0) | 2.3 | 8.4 | 89 | 67.9 | 0.5 | 35.3 |
| F: 915 (60.0) | |||||||
| Ozoh, 201242 | M: 172 (41.7) | 1.5 | 13.8 | 84.7 | 23.1 | 1.5 | 24.5 |
| F: 240 (58.3) | |||||||
| Pefura-Yone, 201443 | M: 619 (48.1) | 9.3 | 6.8 | 83.9 | 47.6 | 1.6 | — |
| F: 668 (51.9) | |||||||
| Siddhartan, 201644 | M: 380 (45.4) | 7.9 | — | — | 99.6 | — | — |
| F: 457 (62.0) | |||||||
| Siddhartan, 201644 | M: 318 (47.8) | 9.8 | — | — | 93.6 | — | — |
| F: 347 (52.2) | |||||||
| van Gemert, 201545 | M: 291 (49.0) | 20.7 | 14.8 | 64.5 | 92.9 (indoor) | — | — |
| F: 297 (51.0) | |||||||
| Wicht, 197746 | M: 272 (49.9) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| F: 273 (50.1) | |||||||
| Wolderamauel, 201947 | M: 421 (57.4) | 9.0 | 2.7 | 88.3 | — | — | 90.0 |
| F: 213 (42.6) | |||||||
| Zoller, 201648 | M: 310 (52.0) | 28.1 | — | 71.9 | 85.5 (indoor) | 21.9 | — |
| F: 288 (48.0) | |||||||
| Occupational studies | |||||||
| Gridler-Brown, 200849 | M: 624 (100) | 35.0 | 61.0 | 39.0 | 32.2 | — | 100.0 |
| Mbelambela, 201650 | M: 379 (100.0) | Exposed to cement dust: 56 (25.1) | 35 (15.5) | 132 (59.2) | — | — | 58.8 |
| F: 0 (0.0) | Non-exposed: 35 (22.8) | 25 (16.0) | 96 (61.3) | ||||
| Oleru & Onyekwere, 199251 | M: 134 (100) | 10.4 | — | 89 | — | — | 100.0 |
| Rusibamayila, 201752 | M: 107 (99.5) | — | — | — | — | — | 100.0 |
| F: 5 (4.5) | |||||||
* Cells with single proportions represents a combined value for both males and females unless otherwise stated.
COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; M = male; F = female.