Supplemental Table 1.

Full search strategies for each database

Database	Search fields	Search query	Search hits
PubMed	PubMed automatic term mapping* searched by MeSH terms and all fields	((artificial intelligence) OR (machine learning) OR (neural network) OR (deep learning) OR (support vector machine) OR (“SVM”) OR (digital image processing) OR (digital image analysis) OR (parameter analysis)) AND ((pancreas) OR (pancreatic)) AND ((malignancy) OR (malignant) OR (tumor) OR (mass) OR (neoplasm) OR (cancer) OR (adenocarcinoma)) AND ((EUS) OR (endoscopic ultrasonography) OR (“EUS”))	42
SCOPUS	Title, abstract, and keyword fields	TITLE-ABS-KEY (((artificial intelligence) OR (machine learning) OR (neural network) OR (deep learning) OR (support vector machine) OR (“SVM”) OR (digital image processing) OR (digital image analysis) OR (parameter analysis)) AND ((pancreas) OR (pancreatic)) AND ((malignancy) OR (malignant) OR (tumor) OR (mass) OR (neoplasm) OR (cancer) OR (adenocarcinoma)) AND ((EUS) OR (endoscopic ultrasonography) OR (“EUS”)))	138
ISI	Topic and title fields	TS = ((artificial intelligence) OR (machine learning) OR (neural network) OR (deep learning) OR (support vector machine) OR (“SVM”) OR (digital image processing) OR (digital image analysis) OR (parameter analysis)) AND ((pancreas) OR (pancreatic)) AND ((malignancy) OR (malignant) OR (tumor) OR (mass) OR (neoplasm) OR (cancer) OR (adenocarcinoma)) AND ((EUS) OR (endoscopic ultrasonography) OR (“EUS”)) OR TI = ((artificial intelligence) OR (machine learning) OR (neural network) OR (deep learning) OR (support vector machine) OR (“SVM”) OR (digital image processing) OR (digital image analysis) OR (parameter analysis)) AND ((pancreas) OR (pancreatic)) AND ((malignancy) OR (malignant) OR (tumor) OR (mass) OR (neoplasm) OR (cancer) OR (adenocarcinoma)) AND ((EUS) OR (endoscopic ultrasonography) OR (“EUS”))	103
EMBASE	“Multi-purpose” (mp) field, which encompasses abstract, candidate term word, device manufacturer, device trade name, drug manufacturer, drug trade name, floating subheading word, heading word, keyword, original title and title	#1 artificial intelligence.mp. or exp artificial intelligence/ #2 machine learning.mp. or exp machine learning/ #3 exp artificial neural network/ #4 deep learning.mp. #5 support vector machine.mp. or exp support vector machine/ #6 digital image processing.mp. #7 digital image analysis.mp. #8 parameter analysis.mp. #9 pancreas.mp. or exp pancreas/ #10 pancreatic.mp. #11 malignancy.mp. #12 exp solid malignant neoplasm/or exp malignant neoplasm/or malignant.mp. #13 tumor.mp. or exp neoplasm/ #14 mass.mp. or exp mass/ #15 neoplasm.mp. #16 cancer.mp. #17 exp pancreas adenocarcinoma/or adenocarcinoma.mp. or exp adenocarcinoma/ #18 exp pancreas tumor/or pancreatic mass.mp. or pancreatic adenocarcinoma.mp. or exp pancreas adenocarcinoma/or pancreatic cancer.mp. or exp pancreas cancer/ #19 EUS.mp. or exp endoscopic ultrasonography/ #20 EUS.mp. Then, the following Boolean operators were used to pool the search results: (#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8) AND ((#9 OR #10) AND (#11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17)) OR 18) AND (#19 OR #20)	64
IEEE	All metadata	((artificial intelligence) OR (machine learning) OR (neural network) OR (deep learning) OR (support vector machine) OR (“SVM”) OR (digital image processing) OR (digital image analysis) OR (parameter analysis)) AND ((pancreas) OR (pancreatic)) AND ((malignancy) OR (malignant) OR (tumor) OR (mass) OR (neoplasm) OR (cancer) OR (adenocarcinoma)) AND ((EUS) OR (endoscopic ultrasonography) OR (“EUS”))	2
ACM	All fields (limit search to the ACM full-text collection)	[[All: artificial intelligence] OR [All: machine learning] OR [All: neural network] OR [All: deep learning] OR [All: support vector machine] OR [All: “svm”] OR [All: digital image processing] OR [All: digital image analysis] OR [All: parameter analysis]] AND [[All: pancreas] OR [All: pancreatic]] AND [[All: malignancy] OR [All: malignant] OR [All: tumor] OR [All: mass] OR [All: neoplasm] OR [All: cancer] OR [All: adenocarcinoma]] AND [[All: EUS] OR [All: endoscopic ultrasonography] OR [All: “eus”]]	20

*PubMed automatic term mapping yielded the following search queries

Artificial intelligence: "Artificial intelligence" [MeSH Terms] OR ("artificial" [All Fields] AND "intelligence"[All Fields]) OR "artificial intelligence"[All Fields]

Machine learning: "Machine learning" [MeSH Terms] OR ("machine" [All Fields] AND "learning" [All Fields]) OR "machine learning" [All Fields]

Neural network: "Neural networks, computer" [MeSH Terms] OR ("neural" [All Fields] AND "networks" [All Fields] AND "computer" [All Fields]) OR "computer

neural networks" [All Fields] OR ("neural" [All Fields] AND "network" [All Fields]) OR "neural network" [All Fields]

Deep learning: "Deep learning" [MeSH Terms] OR ("deep" [All Fields] AND "learning" [All Fields]) OR "deep learning"[All Fields]

Support vector machine: "Support vector machine" [MeSH Terms] OR ("support" [All Fields] AND "vector" [All Fields] AND "machine" [All Fields]) OR "support vector machine" [All Fields]

Digital image processing: "Image processing, computer-assisted" [MeSH Terms] OR ("image" [All Fields] AND "processing" [All Fields] AND "computer-assisted" [All Fields]) OR "computer-assisted image processing" [All Fields] OR ("digital" [All Fields] AND "image" [All Fields] AND "processing" [All Fields]) OR "digital image processing" [All Fields]

Digital: "Digital" [All Fields] OR "digitalization" [All Fields] OR "digitalized" [All Fields] OR "digitalization" [All Fields] OR "digitalize" [All Fields] OR "digitalized" [All Fields] OR "digitalizer" [All Fields] OR "digitalizing"[All Fields] OR "digitally" [All Fields] OR "digitals" [All Fields] OR "digitization" [All Fields] OR "digitizations" [All Fields] OR "digitize" [All Fields] OR "digitized" [All Fields] OR "digitizer" [All Fields] OR "digitizers" [All Fields] OR "digitizes" [All Fields] OR "digitizing" [All Fields]

Image: "Image" [All Fields] OR "image's" [All Fields] OR "imaged" [All Fields] OR "imager" [All Fields] OR "imager's: [All Fields] OR "imagers" [All Fields] OR "images" [All Fields] OR "imaging" [All Fields] OR "imaging's" [All Fields] OR "imagings" [All Fields]

Analysis: "Analysis" [Subheading] OR "analysis" [All Fields]

Parameter: "Parameter" [All Fields] OR "parameter's" [All Fields] OR "parameters" [All Fields]

Analysis: "analysis" [Subheading] OR "analysis" [All Fields]

Pancreas: "Pancrea" [All Fields] OR "pancreas" [MeSH Terms] OR "pancreas" [All Fields]

Pancreatic: "Pancreas" [MeSH Terms] OR "pancreas" [All Fields] OR "pancreatic" [All Fields] OR "pancreatitides" [All Fields] OR "pancreatitis"[MeSH Terms] OR "pancreatitis" [All Fields]

Malignancy: "Malign" [All Fields] OR "malignance" [All Fields] OR "malignances" [All Fields] OR "malignant" [All Fields] OR "malignants" [All Fields] OR "malignities" [All Fields] OR "malignity" [All Fields] OR "malignization" [All Fields] OR "malignized" [All Fields] OR "maligns" [All Fields] OR "neoplasms" [MeSH Terms] OR "neoplasms" [All Fields] OR "malignancies" [All Fields] OR "malignancy" [All Fields]

Malignant: "Malign" [All Fields] OR "malignance" [All Fields] OR "malignances" [All Fields] OR "malignant" [All Fields] OR "malignants" [All Fields] OR "malignities" [All Fields] OR "malignity" [All Fields] OR "malignization" [All Fields] OR "malignized" [All Fields] OR "maligns" [All Fields] OR "neoplasms" [MeSH Terms] OR "neoplasms" [All Fields] OR "malignancies" [All Fields] OR "malignancy" [All Fields]

Tumor: "Cysts" [MeSH Terms] OR "cysts" [All Fields] OR "cyst" [All Fields] OR "neurofibroma" [MeSH Terms] OR "neurofibroma" [All Fields] OR "neurofibromas" [All Fields] OR "tumor's"[All Fields] OR "tumoral" [All Fields] OR "tumorous" [All Fields] OR "tumour" [All Fields] OR "neoplasms" [MeSH Terms] OR "neoplasms" [All Fields] OR "tumor" [All Fields] OR "tumour's"[All Fields] OR "tumoural" [All Fields] OR "tumourous" [All Fields] OR "tumours" [All Fields] OR "tumors" [All Fields]

Mass: "Molecular weight" [MeSH Terms] OR ("molecular" [All Fields] AND "weight" [All Fields]) OR "molecular weight" [All Fields] OR "mass" [All Fields]

Neoplasm: "Neoplasm's" [All Fields] OR "neoplasms" [MeSH Terms] OR "neoplasms" [All Fields] OR "neoplasm" [All Fields]

Cancer: "Cancer's"[All Fields] OR "cancerated" [All Fields] OR "canceration" [All Fields] OR "cancerization" [All Fields] OR "cancerized" [All Fields] OR "cancerous" [All Fields] OR "neoplasms" [MeSH Terms] OR "neoplasms" [All Fields] OR "cancer" [All Fields] OR "cancers" [All Fields]

Adenocarcinoma: "Adenocarcinoma" [MeSH Terms] OR "adenocarcinoma" [All Fields] OR "adenocarcinomas" [All Fields] OR "adenocarcinoma's" [All Fields]

EUS: "Endosonography" [MeSH Terms] OR "endosonography" [All Fields] OR ("endoscopic" [All Fields] AND "ultrasound" [All Fields]) OR "EUS" [All Fields]

Endoscopic ultrasonography: "Endosonography" [MeSH Terms] OR "endosonography" [All Fields] OR ("endoscopic" [All Fields] AND "ultrasonography" [All Fields]) OR "endoscopic ultrasonography" [All Fields].

IEEE: Institute of electrical and electronics engineers, ACM: Association for computing machinery, SVM: Support vector machine