Table 2.
Hierarchical Logistic Regression Results for Smoking Initiation and Progression Among Monitoring the Future Longitudinal Sample (Baseline Years 2000–2014)
| Variables | Initiation results | Progression results | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR | (95% CI) | AOR | (95% CI) | |
| Within-person, time-varying cigarette pack price | 0.28*** | (0.18, 0.44) | 0.30*** | (0.21, 0.44) |
| Between-person average cigarette pack price | 0.84+ | (0.70, 1.01) | 0.70*** | (0.59, 0.82) |
| Modal age/follow-up number | 8.71*** | (6.93, 10.95) | 7.13*** | (5.90, 8.61) |
| Current student | 0.35*** | (0.25, 0.50) | 0.11*** | (0.08, 0.15) |
| Male (vs female) | 2.09*** | (1.54, 2.83) | 1.57*** | (1.22, 2.03) |
| Race/ethnicity (vs Non-Hispanic White) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.56* | (0.33, 0.94) | 0.30*** | (0.18, 0.50) |
| Hispanic | 0.41** | (0.23, 0.74) | 0.34*** | (0.20, 0.57) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 0.61 | (0.31, 1.22) | 0.73 | (0.38, 1.38) |
| Other | 0.67 | (0.23, 1.92) | 1.58 | (0.81, 3.08) |
| Parental education (vs high school grad or less) | ||||
| Some college | 0.96 | (0.60, 1.55) | 0.97 | (0.66, 1.43) |
| College degree or more | 1.14 | (0.77, 1.68) | 0.97 | (0.71, 1.32) |
| Census region (vs Northeast) | ||||
| Midwest | 1.19 | (0.72, 1.97) | 0.68+ | (0.45, 1.04) |
| South | 0.52* | (0.27, 0.98) | 0.43** | (0.25, 0.72) |
| West | 0.92 | (0.49, 1.72) | 0.41** | (0.25, 0.69) |
| % workplaces covered by smoke-free laws | 0.48* | (0.27, 0.86) | 0.72 | (0.42, 1.24) |
| % hospitality venues covered by smoke-free laws | 1.52 | (0.86, 2.70) | 0.72 | (0.43, 1.20) |
| % of state that is African American/Black | 1.02 | (0.99, 1.05) | 1.02 | (1.00, 1.04) |
| % of state that is Hispanic | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.01) | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.01) |
| % of state below poverty | 1.02 | (0.96, 1.09) | 0.99 | (0.94, 1.04) |
| Level-2 variance components | ||||
| Individual-level variance | 13.10*** | 15.47*** | ||
| Pack price slopes | 2.13* | 2.47*** |
Unweighted N for initiation model = 15 280; unweighted N for progression model = 26 998; 95% confidence intervals are in parentheses; county-level controls are measured at baseline; % workplaces and hospitality venues covered by smoke-free laws are measured at the county level. Initiation analyses examined past 30-day smoking among baseline never smokers; progression analyses examined daily smoking among baseline never, previous, and nondaily smokers. Pack price is in US dollars adjusted for inflation.
Statistical significance indicators are ***p < .001; **p < .01; * p < .05; +p < .10.