Table 3.
Partial and Interaction Effects for Initiation and Progression among Monitoring the Future Longitudinal Sample (Baseline Years 2000–2014)
| Initiation results | Progression results | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | AOR | (95% CI) | AOR | (95% CI) |
| Model 1 | ||||
| Within-person, time-varying cigarette pack price | 0.24*** | (0.14, 0.40) | 0.28*** | (0.18, 0.46) |
| Male (vs female) | 2.17*** | (1.59, 2.97) | 1.60*** | (1.24, 2.08) |
| Time-varying cigarette pack price × sex | 1.27 | (0.81, 2.00) | 1.17 | (0.78, 1.76) |
| Significance test for interactions | F value | p | F value | p |
| Multiplicative | ~ | .30 | ~ | .74 |
| Additive | 0.18 | .67 | 0.10 | .76 |
| Model 2 | ||||
| Within-person, time-varying cigarette pack price | 0.29*** | (0.18, 0.46) | 0.31*** | (0.22, 0.45) |
| Race/ethnicity (vs Non-Hispanic White) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.53* | (0.31, 0.91) | 0.29*** | (0.17, 0.48) |
| Hispanic | 0.39** | (0.21, 0.70) | 0.33*** | (0.20, 0.55) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 0.65 | (0.32, 1.32) | 0.78 | (0.40, 1.51) |
| Other | 0.75 | (0.25, 2.30) | 1.48 | (0.73, 3.01) |
| Time-varying cigarette pack price × race/ethnicity | ||||
| × Non-Hispanic Black | 0.63 | (0.26, 1.49) | 0.61 | (0.24, 1.55) |
| × Hispanic | 0.68 | (0.31, 1.46) | 0.78 | (0.34, 1.78) |
| × Non-Hispanic Asian | 1.58 | (0.41, 6.18) | 1.50 | (0.48, 4.67) |
| × Other | 2.48 | (0.32, 19.24) | 0.66 | (0.16, 2.69) |
| Overall significance test for interactions | F value | p | F value | p |
| Multiplicative | 3.36 | .50 | 2.27 | .69 |
| Additive | 2.54 | .64 | 1.43 | .84 |
| Model 3 | ||||
| Within-person, time-varying cigarette pack price | 0.23*** | (0.12, 0.44) | 0.33*** | (0.19, 0.59) |
| Parental education (vs high school grad or less) | ||||
| Some college | 1.03 | (0.63, 1.67) | 0.94 | (0.64, 1.39) |
| College degree or more | 1.17 | (0.78, 1.73) | 0.96 | (0.70, 1.32) |
| Time-varying cigarette pack price × parental education | ||||
| Some college | 1.88 | (0.77, 4.59) | 0.74 | (0.39, 1.43) |
| College degree or more | 1.21 | (0.65, 2.25) | 0.93 | (0.54, 1.61) |
| Overall significance test for interactions | F value | p | F value | p |
| Multiplicative | 1.97 | .37 | 0.96 | .62 |
| Additive | 2.10 | .35 | 0.91 | .63 |
Unweighted N for initiation model = 15 280; unweighted N for progression model = 26 998; 95% confidence intervals are in parentheses; all models also include all covariates included in Table 2 (not shown): sex, race/ethnicity, parental education, census region, % workplaces and hospitality venues covered by smoke-free laws are measured at the county level, % of state that is African American/Black, Hispanic, and below poverty. Model 1 includes only the interaction for sex, Model 2 only includes the interaction for race/ethnicity, and Model 3 only includes the interaction for parental education. Initiation analyses examined past 30-day smoking among baseline never smokers; progression analyses examined daily smoking among baseline never, previous, and nondaily smokers.
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.