Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of American Indian and Alaska Native Trial Participants
| Characteristic | No. (%) or Mean (SD) | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 165) |
QuitGuide (n = 77) |
iCanQuit (n = 88) |
||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 38.9 (10.4) | 39.4 (10.9) | 38.4 (10.0) | .544 |
| Men | 43 (26%) | 24 (31%) | 19 (22%) | .222 |
| Hispanic or Latino ethnicity | 25 (15%) | 11 (14%) | 14 (16%) | .942 |
| High school or less education | 67 (41%) | 34 (44%) | 33 (38%) | .478 |
| Employment | .555 | |||
| Employed | 76 (46%) | 39 (51%) | 37 (42%) | |
| Unemployed | 29 (18%) | 13 (17%) | 16 (18%) | |
| Homemaker | 32 (19%) | 12 (16%) | 20 (23%) | |
| Disabled | 19 (12%) | 7 (9%) | 12 (14%) | |
| Retired | 6 (4%) | 4 (5%) | 2 (2%) | |
| Other | 3 (2%) | 2 (3%) | 1 (1%) | |
| Income | .932 | |||
| <$20,000/year | 72 (44%) | 33 (43%) | 39 (44%) | |
| $20,000–$54,499/year | 67 (41%) | 31 (40%) | 36 (41%) | |
| ≥$55,000/year | 26 (16%) | 13 (17%) | 13 (15%) | |
| Geographic locationa | ||||
| Urban | 114 (70%)b | 49 (64%)c | 65 (74%) | .257 |
| Tribal land | 41 (25%) | 18 (23%) | 23 (26%) | .819 |
| Married | 46 (28%) | 23 (30%) | 23 (26%) | .719 |
| LGBT | 30 (18%) | 15 (19%) | 15 (17%) | .840 |
| Mental health positive screening results | ||||
| Depressiond | 87 (53%)e | 42 (55%)c | 45 (52%)f | .768 |
| Panicg | 59 (36%)b | 28 (36%) | 31 (36%)f | >.99 |
| PTSDh | 80 (49%)e | 39 (52%)i | 41 (47%) | .595 |
| Alcohol use | ||||
| No. of daily drinks, mean (SD) | 1.8 (3.6)j | 1.9 (3.9)k | 1.6 (3.3)l | .634 |
| Heavy drinker, No. (%)m | 23 (14%)j | 11 (15%)k | 12 (14%)l | >.99 |
| Smoking behavior | ||||
| FTND score, mean (SD) | 5.6 (2.2) | 5.7 (2.4) | 5.5 (2.0) | .659 |
| High nicotine dependence (FTND score ≥ 6) | 98 (59%) | 48 (62%) | 50 (57%) | .575 |
| Smokes more than one-half pack/day | 113 (68%) | 55 (71%) | 58 (66%) | .553 |
| Smokes more than 1 pack/day | 26 (16%) | 13 (17%) | 13 (15%) | .875 |
| First cigarette within 5 min of waking | 83 (50%) | 40 (52%) | 43 (49%) | .811 |
| Smoked for ≥10 years | 140 (85%) | 64 (84%) | 75 (85%) | >.99 |
| Used e-cigarettes at least once in past month | 46 (28%) | 24 (31%) | 22 (25%) | .479 |
| Quit attempts in past 12 months, mean (SD) | 2.3 (8.6)j | 3.1 (12.2)k | 1.6 (3.5)l | .336 |
| Confidence to quit smoking, mean (SD)n | 66.0 (27.6) | 61.9 (28.8) | 69.7 (26.1) | .071 |
| Friend and partner smoking | ||||
| No. of close friends who smoke, mean (SD) | 2.7 (1.8) | 2.8 (1.8) | 2.6 (1.8) | .403 |
| No. of housemates who smoke, mean (SD) | 1.6 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.9) | 1.6 (0.7) | .960 |
| Living with partner who smokes, No (%) | 59 (36%) | 31 (40%) | 28 (32%) | .334 |
| ACT-based measures, mean (SD) | ||||
| Acceptanceo | ||||
| Sensations | 3.1 (0.6)p | 3.1 (0.7)q | 3.1 (0.6)f | .927 |
| Emotions | 2.9 (0.5) | 2.9 (0.5) | 2.9 (0.5) | .650 |
| Thoughts | 2.9 (0.5) | 2.9 (0.5) | 2.9 (0.5) | .915 |
| Acceptance mean score | 3.0 (0.5)p | 3.0 (0.5)q | 3.0 (0.4)f | .981 |
| Valued livingr | ||||
| Progresss | 18.5 (7.6)t | 18.4 (7.3)i | 18.5 (8.0)f | .941 |
| Obstructionu | 12.0 (8.8)e | 12.4 (8.6)c | 11.7 (8.9)f | .625 |
ACT = Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; FTND = Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence; LGBT = lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender; PTSD = Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
aZip codes were tied to geographic location and categorized as urban or rural using Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes. Zip codes were also categorized as tribal lands using US Environmental Protection Agency data.
b n = 164.
c n = 76.
dPositive screening results for depression via the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD-20; cutoff ≥ 16).
e n = 163.
f n = 87.
gPanic disorder via the Autonomic Nervous System Questionnaire (ANSQ; reporting ≥1 panic attack within the past month indicates a positive screen).
hPTSD via the 6-item PTSD Checklist (PCL-6; scores of ≥14 indicate a positive screen).
i n = 75.
j n = 159.
k n = 73.
l n = 86.
mHeavy drinking is defined as four or more drinks per typical drinking day for women and five or more drinks per typical drinking day for men within the past 30 days.
nRange, 0–100, where 0 indicates not at all confident and 100 indicates extremely confident.
oAvoidance and Inflexibility Scale. Range is 1–5. Higher scores indicate greater acceptance.
p n = 161.
q n = 74.
rValuing Questionnaire.
sRange is 0–30. Higher scores indicate greater progression toward one’s values.
t n = 162
uRange is 0–30. Higher scores indicate greater obstruction of one’s values.