Table 1.

Main characteristics and findings of 6 meta-analyses.

Source	Study design	Age, year	Sample size (P/Ea)	Mobile device type	App name	App description	TDb	Main results
Nik Azis et al [21], Malaysia	Cross-sectional study	5-6	195/290	iPad mini	AAPOSc Vision Screening	Lea symbols chart	3 m	Sensitivity: 82.1% (right vision), 82.1% (left vision); Specificity: 81.3% (right vision), 76.9% (left vision)
Rono et al [17], Kenyan	Population-based study	11.5, 11.7	Sd:10,284/S:20,568, Pe:10,579/P:21,158	Samsung Galaxy S3	Peek Acuity	Tumbling E chart	2 m	Sensitivity: 76.9% (64.8%-86.5%), Specificity: 90.8% (89.3%-92.1%)
Zhao et al [22], US	Prospective study	3-17	106/212	Samsung Galaxy S3 SGH-i747	Peek Acuity	Tumbling E chart	2 m	Sensitivity: 83%-86% for decreased vision, Sensitivity: 69%-83% for referable ocular disease
de Venecia et al [20], US	Observational study	6-17	393/190	Samsung Galaxy A3	Peek Acuity	Tumbling E chart	2 m	Sensitivity: 48%, Specificity: 83%
Bastawrous et al [13], UK	Population-based study	55-97	233/466	Galaxy S3 GT-I9300	Peek Acuity	Tumbling E chart	2 m	Sensitivity: 84.6% (95% CI 54.5%-97.6%); Specificity: 97.7% (95% CI 94.8%-99.3%)
Andersen et al [19], Botswana	Population-based study	6-22	12,877/–	Android phones	Peek Vision	Tumbling E chart	2 m	Sensitivity: 91.6%; Specificity: 90.7%

^aP/E: participant/eye.

^bTD: test distance.

^cAAPOS: American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus.

^dS: standard group.

^eP: peek group.