Table 1.
Characteristics of studies and populations.
| Study | Year | Country | Publication type | RCTa type | Sample size, n | Age (years), mean | Sex (male), n (%) | Target group or condition | Setting |
| Adomaviciene et al [28] | 2019 | Lithuania | Journal article | Parallel | 60 | 64.6 | 40 (66.7) | Stroke | Clinical |
| Carvalho et al [29] | 2020 | Brazil | Journal article | Parallel | 35 | 51.3 | 0 (0) | Fibromyalgia | Educational |
| Meldrum et al [30] | 2015 | Ireland | Journal article | Parallel | 71 | 54.1 | 27 (38) | Unilateral peripheral vestibular loss | Clinical |
| Schumacher et al [31] | 2018 | Germany | Journal article | Parallel | 42 | 56.3 | 25 (59.5) | Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients | Clinical |
| Ruivo et al [32] | 2017 | Ireland | Journal article | Parallel | 32 | 59.9 | 26 (81.3) | Cardiovascular diseases | Clinical, community, and educational |
| Mazzoleni et al [33] | 2014 | Italy | Journal article | Parallel | 40 | 71.2 | NRb | Chronic respiratory diseases | Clinical |
| Polat et al [34] | 2021 | Turkey | Journal article | Parallel | 40 | 44.8 | 0 (0) | Fibromyalgia | Clinical |
| Lin et al [35] | 2020 | Taiwan | Journal article | Parallel | 80 | 57.0 | 39 (48.8) | Knee osteoarthritis | Clinical |
| Vieira et al [36] | 2017 | Portugal | Journal article | Parallel | 46 | 57.7 | NR | Cardiovascular diseases | Clinical |
| Thomas et al [37] | 2017 | United Kingdom | Journal article | Parallel | 30 | 49.3 | 3 (10) | Multiple sclerosis | Clinical |
| Wagener et al [38] | 2012 | United States | Journal article | Parallel | 41 | 14.0 | 14 (33.3) | Obese adolescents | Clinical |
| Jahouh et al [39] | 2021 | Spain | Journal article | Parallel | 80 | 84.2 | 35 (44) | Older adults | Clinical |
| Collado-Mateo et al [40] | 2017 | Spain | Journal article | Parallel | 83 | 52.5 | 0 (0) | Fibromyalgia | Clinical |
| Cooney et al [41] | 2017 | Ireland | Journal article | Parallel | 52 | 40.6 | 20 (38.8) | Anxiety, depression, or intellectual disability | Clinical |
| Donker et al [42] | 2019 | Netherlands | Journal article | Parallel | 193 | 41.3 | 64 (33.2) | Acrophobia | Community |
| Fish et al [43] | 2014 | United States | Journal article | Parallel | 59 | 30.0 | 29 (49.2) | Depression | Clinical and educational |
| Fleming et al [44] | 2012 | New Zealand | Journal article | Crossover | 32 | 14.9 | 18 (56) | Depression | Educational |
| Merry et al [45] | 2012 | New Zealand | Journal article | Parallel | 187 | 15.6 | 64 (34.2) | Depression | Clinical and educational |
| Perry et al [46] | 2017 | Australia | Journal article | Cluster | 540 | 16.7 | 199 (36.9) | Secondary students | Educational |
| Schoneveld et al [47] | 2018 | Netherlands | Journal article | Parallel | 174 | 10.0 | 71 (40.8) | Anxiety | Educational |
| Tsui [48] | 2016 | Canada | Thesis | Parallel | 143 | 13.6 | 52 (36.1) | Anxiety | Clinical and educational |
| Schoneveld et al [49] | 2016 | Netherlands | Journal article | Parallel | 136 | 10.0 | 61 (45.2) | Anxiety | Educational |
| Wijnhoven et al [50] | 2020 | Netherlands | Journal article | Parallel | 109 | 11.1 | 84 (77.1) | Anxiety and autism spectrum disorder | Clinical and educational |
| Scholten et al [51] | 2016 | Netherlands | Journal article | Parallel | 138 | 13.3 | 48 (35) | Anxiety | Educational |
| Marechal et al [52] | 2017 | France | Journal article | Parallel | 118 | 6.8 | 83 (70.4) | Children undergoing general anesthesia | Clinical |
| Sakızcı Uyar et al [53] | 2021 | Turkey | Journal article | Parallel | 138 | 6.6 | 61 (44) | Adenoidectomy, adenotonsillectomy, or myringotomy | Clinical |
| Liu et al [54] | 2020 | United States | Journal article | Parallel | 53 | 12.5 | 37 (69.8) | Otolaryngological conditions | Clinical |
| Butler et al [55] | 2020 | Germany | Journal article | Parallel | 40 | 33.4 | 40 (100) | Posttraumatic stress disorder | Clinical |
| Bove et al [56] | 2021 | United States | Journal article | Parallel | 44 | 51.1 | 9 (20.5) | Multiple sclerosis | Clinical |
| Sanchez et al [57] | 2017 | United States | Journal article | Parallel | 69 | NR | 41 (59.4) | Social skills deficits | Community and educational |
| Beidel et al [58] | 2021 | United States | Journal article | Parallel | 42 | 9.6 | 16 (38.1) | Social anxiety | Community |
| Haberkamp et al [59] | 2021 | Germany | Journal article | Parallel | 68 | 22.8 | 9 (13) | Arachnophobia | Educational |
| Litvin et al [60] | 2020 | United Kingdom | Journal article | Parallel | 709 | NR | 420 (59.3) | Generally healthy employees | Company |
aRCT: randomized controlled trial.
bNR: not reported.