Table 4.
Descriptive statistics for outcome measures at T0, T1 and T2 per group, and generalized estimating equations (GEE) model parameters for group-by-time interaction according to the per-protocol analyses (N = 31)
| iSupport (N = 11) | Control (N = 20) | Group-time effect | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | T0 | T1 | T2 | T0 | T1 | T2 | B † (95% CI) | χ2 | p* |
| Caregiver burden (ZBI) | 37.8 (13.1) | 37 (9.8) | 33.6 (14.8) | 37.1 (11.2) | 34.7 (11.4) | 32.9 (11.8) |
−.000 (−.15, .15) .05 (−.15, .25) |
.45 | .800 |
| Anxiety symptoms (HADS-A) | 10.1 (4.6) | 8.3 (4.9) | 7.9 (5.3) | 8 (3.4) | 8.4 (2.9) | 7.2 (3.5) |
.14 (−.08, .36) −.11 (−.39, .16) |
6.17 | .046 |
| Depression symptoms (HADS-D) | 6.6 (5.2) | 7.4 (3.5) | 6.7 (3.1) | 6.1 (4.0) | 8.5 (2.8) | 7.3 (2.7) |
.09 (−.25, .44) −.07 (−.31, .17) |
1.31 | .347 |
| Positive aspects of caregiving (PAC) | 35.8 (6.1) | 36.6 (5.6) | 38.7 (6.4) | 39.6 (8.4) | 40.5 (9.2) | 39.5 (10.5) |
−.08 (−.19, .02) −.08 (−.16, −.001) |
4.16 | .125 |
| General Self-efficacy (GSE) | 28.5 (4.9) | 30.1 (3.0) | 31 (4.0) | 31.3 (4.7) | 32 (5.5) | 30.9 (4.9) |
−.10 (−.20, .01) −.07 (−.14, .004) |
4.43 | .109 |
| QoL physical (WHOQOL-BREF) | 26.5 (4.4) | 26.2 (5.1) | 27.6 (4.5) | 27 (4.4) | 25.9 (4.5) | 26.1 (4.5) |
−.07 (−.19, .04) −.04 (−.17, .08) |
1.97 | .374 |
| QoL psychological (WHOQOL-BREF) | 22.7 (4.6) | 22.6 (4.0) | 23 (4.0) | 22.9 (3.8) | 21.3 (3.1) | 21.9 (3.2) |
−.06 (−.15, .03) .01 (−.07, .09) |
3 | .223 |
| QoL social relationships (WHOQOL-BREF) | 10.4 (2.8) | 10.3 (2.3) | 10.6 (2.9) | 10.1 (2.6) | 9.4 (2.1) | 9.5 (2.5) |
−.09 (−.23, .05) −.02 (−.16, .12) |
2.41 | .299 |
| QoL environment (WHOQOL-BREF) | 29.3 (4.0) | 30.1 (4.4) | 30.6 (4.5) | 29.3 (4.2) | 28.4 (3.8) | 27.7 (3.8) |
−.10 (−.18, −.02) −.04 (−.10, .02) |
7.06 | .029 |
| QoL general (WHOQOL-BREF) | 7.6 (1.3) | 7.6 (1.6) | 7.8 (1.2) | 6.8 (1.5) | 6.9 (1.0) | 7 (1.1) |
−.007 (−.11, .10) −.01 (−.13, .10) |
.06 | .973 |
Abbreviations: N number of participants, M mean, SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval, T0 baseline assessment, T1 3 months assessment, T2 6 months assessment, ZBI Zarit Burden Interview, HADS-A Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (anxiety subscale), HADS-D Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (depression subscale), PAC Positive Aspects of Caregiving, GSE Generalized Self-efficacy Scale
*P-values for type III GEE model effects tested using the Wald Chi-Square test. Values in bold represent the statistically significant differences at p < .05
Betas are presented as unstandardized coefficients with the respective 95% confidence intervals.
† Unstandardized coefficients and 95% confidence intervals values under group-time effect corresponding to group 1 * time 1 and group 1 * time 2 (upper and lower values, respectively)