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. 2022 Mar 1;17(3):e0264778. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264778

Table 1. Anthropometric measurements by sex and period (age-adjusted using the Italian population).

Italian resident men and women aged 35–74 years, the CUORE Project Surveys 1998–2002, 2008–2012, and 2018–2019.

MEN
1998–2002 2008–2012 2018–2019 2018–2019 vs 1998–2002 2018–2019 vs 2008–2012
n = 2984 n = 2224 n = 1035
mean SD 95% CI mean SD 95% CI mean SD 95% CI Diff t-test sign^ Reg sign^^ Diff t-test sign^ Reg sign^^
                 
BMI (kg/m 2 ) 26,7 3,8 26,6 26,9 27,5 4,3 27,3 27,7 27,0 4,2 26,8 27,3 0,3 * ns -0,5 ** *
Height (cm) 171,2 7,1 170,9 171,4 172,0 6,8 171,7 172,3 173,2 6,8 172,8 173,6 2,0 *** *** 1,2 *** **
Weight (kg) 78,3 12,3 77,9 78,8 81,4 13,9 80,9 82,0 81,1 13,5 80,3 81,9 2,8 *** *** -0,3 ns ns
Waist/Hip 0,94 0,06 0,94 0,94 0,96 0,07 0,96 0,96 0,95 0,06 0,95 0,95 0,01 *** ** -0,01 ** **
Waist (cm) 94,8 10,6 94,4 95,2 96,5 11,7 96,0 97,0 96,0 11,0 95,3 96,7 1,2 ** * -0,5 ns ns
Hip (cm) 101,0 8,7 100,7 101,3 100,7 8,8 100,3 101,0 100,9 7,9 100,4 101,3 -0,1 ns ns 0,2 ns ns
% 95% CI % 95% CI % 95% CI Diff chi-squared sign^ Logistic sign^^ Diff chi-squared sign^ Logistic sign^^
Normal weight 33 31 35 29 27 31 34 31 37 1 ns ns 5 ** **
Overweight 49 47 51 47 45 49 46 43 49 -3 ns * -1 ns ns
Obese 17 16 19 24 22 25 20 17 22 3 ns ns -4 * ns
High waist-to-hip ratio 80 78 81 82 80 83 78 75 80 -2 ns ns -4 ** **
Abdominal obesity 24 23 26 31 29 33 26 24 29 2 ns ns -5 ** *
WOMEN
1998–2002 2008–2012 2018–2019 2018–2019 vs 1998–2002 2018–2019 vs 2008–2012
n = 2944 n = 2188 n = 1065
mean SD 95% CI mean SD 95% CI mean SD 95% CI Diff t-test sign^ Reg sign^^ Diff t-test sign^ Reg sign^^
           
BMI (kg/m 2 ) 26,2 4,9 26,1 26,4 26,6 5,3 26,4 26,9 26,3 5,4 25,9 26,6 0,1 ns ** -0,3 ns ns
Height (cm) 158,1 6,3 157,9 158,3 158,2 6,3 157,9 158,4 159,0 6,2 158,7 159,4 0,9 *** ** 0,8 ** **
Weight (kg) 65,4 12,1 64,9 65,8 66,4 13,1 65,9 67,0 66,3 13,6 65,5 67,1 0,9 ns *** -0,1 ns ns
Waist/Hip 0,84 0,06 0,83 0,84 0,85 0,08 0,85 0,85 0,84 0,07 0,83 0,84 0,00 ns ns -0,01 *** ***
Waist (cm) 84,2 11,6 83,8 84,6 86,5 12,7 86,0 87,0 85,7 12,9 84,9 86,5 1,5 ** *** -0,8 ns ns
Hip (cm) 100,5 10,9 100,1 100,9 101,8 10,9 101,3 102,2 102,3 10,8 101,7 103,0 1,8 *** *** 0,5 ns ns
% 95% CI % 95% CI % 95% CI Diff chi-squared sign^ Logistic sign^^ Diff chi-squared sign^ Logistic sign^^
Normal weight 44 43 46 44 42 46 46 43 49 2 ns * 2 ns ns
Overweight 33 31 35 32 30 34 28 26 31 -5 ** ns -4 * ns
Obese 21 19 22 23 21 25 23 21 26 2 ns *** 0 ns ns
High waist-to-hip ratio 44 42 46 49 47 52 41 38 44 -3 ns ns -8 *** ***
Abdominal obesity 36 34 38 43 41 45 40 37 43 4 * *** -3 ns ns

SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index; Diff: mean or percentage difference between 2018–2019 and 1998–2002 or 2018–2019 and 2008–2012. Means, standard deviations, and prevalence were age-standardized by Italian National Institute of Statistics-ISTAT Italian population 2000, 2010, and 2019, respectively.

^ t-test to compare variables between periods; chi-square test to compare prevalence between periods.

^^ Linear regression and logistic models were assessed considering indicators as dependent variable and period (2018–2019/1998–2002 or 2018–2019/2008–2012), age (35–54/55–74 years), and educational level (high/low) as independent variables; the statistical significance of the period was reported.

*** p < 0.0001

** p < 0.01

*p < 0.05; ns not significant p-value. Normal weight: 18.5 ≤ body mass index < 25.0 kg/m2. Overweight: 25.0 ≤ body mass index < 30.0 kg/m2. Obesity: body mass index ≥ 30.0 kg/m2. High waist-to-hip ratio: waist-to-hip ratio ≥ 0.90 in men and ≥ 0.85 in women. Abdominal obesity: waist circumference > 102 cm in men and > 88 cm in women. Pool of the following Italian regions: Piedmont, Lombardy, Liguria, Emilia Romagna, Tuscany, Lazio, Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, and Sicily.