Table 1.

Weighted Descriptive Statistics for All Study Variables.

	Mean (SD) or Percentage
Item response theory achievement scores
Eighth grade: Reading	143.33 (21.65)
Fifth grade: Reading	126.26 (23.23)
Eighth grade: Math	172.45 (27.06)
Fifth grade: Math	153.09 (25.96)
Eighth grade: Science	85.63 (15.68)
Fifth grade: Science	66.62 (15.32)
Covariates included in regression models
Demographic characteristics
Child gender (male = 1)	0.49
Child is White (referent)	0.64
Child is African American	0.09
Child is Hispanic	0.17
Child is Asian	0.05
Child is other ethnicity	0.05
Child Health (1 = excellent; 5 = poor)	1.70 (0.84)
Child's other food consumption (1 = none; 4 = everyday)
Fruits and vegetables	2.18 (0.63)
Milk	3.20 (1.05)
100% juice	2.43 (1.23)
Soda/sugar-sweetened beverages	2.60 (1.06)
Family socioeconomic characteristics
Household income-to-needs	3.70 (2.56)
Highest parent education (1 = eighth grade; 9 = professional degree)	5.19 (1.98)
Household is food insecure	0.14
Mother is employed full-time (referent)	0.50
Mother is employed part-time	0.24
Mother is looking for employment	0.03
Mother is not employed	0.23
Children's activities and time use
Child is more active than typical child	0.26 (0.36)
Child is less active than typical child	0.12 (0.26)
Child prefers sedentary activities	0.16
Child prefers active activities	0.23
Child prefers both types of activities (referent)	0.61
Number of days per week child exercises	3.72 (1.87)
Average hours per weekday child watches TV	2.09 (1.23)
Child has regular bedtime	0.93
Neighborhood and school characteristics
Neighborhood is in rural area	0.26
Neighborhood is in urban area	0.35
Neighborhood is in suburban area (referent)	0.39
Percentage of students at school who receive free/reduced price lunch	36.40 (27.90)