Table 1.

Antiviral activities of mushrooms and their chemical constituents.

Species name	Family	Extract/compound	Model	Key results	Refs.
Agaricus blazei Murrill	Agaricaceae	Polysaccharides (ABP – AW1)		Agaricus blazei mycelium significantly reduced the CPE of Western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus, herpes simplex virus, and poliovirus in Vero cells.In the early phases of herpesvirus and enterovirus reproduction, basidiomycetes extract contains inhibitory chemicals.	Sorimachi et al. (2001)
Agaricus brasiliensis Fr.,	Agaricaceae	Sulfated polysaccharides	HSV-1 [KOS and 29R (acyclovir-resistant) strains] and HSV-2 strain 333,	With selectivity indices (IC50) of 439, 208, and 562, a sulfated derivative (MI-S) of a polysaccharide isolated from A. brasiliensis mycelia demonstrated inhibitory efficacy against HSV-1 [KOS and 29R (acyclovir-resistant) strains] and HSV-2 strain 333.MI-S suppressed HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding, penetration, and cell-to-cell dissemination, as well as the expression of HSV-1 ICP27, UL42, gB, and gD proteins. When MI-S was coupled with acyclovir, it showed a synergistic antiviral effect.	De Sousa Cardozo et al. (2014)
		polysaccharide (PLS)	antiviral activity against poliovirus type 1 in HEp-2 cells.	With a selectivity index (SI) of 5.4, 9.9, and 12.3, respectively, AqE, PLS, and EtOHE were lowered by 50%, 67%, and 88%, respectively.	Faccin et al. (2007)
		polysaccharides β-(1→2)‑gluco-β-(1→3)-mannan	The antiherpetic efficacy of MI-S was assessed in murine ocular, cutaneous, and genital infection models of HSV. herpes simplex virus (HSV) attachment,	By day 9, mice that had been infected on the skin and administered MI-S orally had significantly reduced illness scores (p 0.05), showing that healing had been hastened.	Cardozo et al. (2013)
Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach	Agaricaceae	Tyrosinases - protein	antiviral activity against the Hepatitis C virus	Tyrosinases may represent a potential antiviral inhibitory strategy by catalysing the selective hydroxylation of crucial position tyrosine residues in viral proteases.Tyrosinases derived directly from fresh mushrooms (which contained both tyrosinases) had equal antiviral efficacy, implying that they could be used to treat hepatitis C at a low cost.	Lopez-Tejedor et al. (2021)
Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst.,	Polyporaceae	GLPG (Ganoderma lucidum proteoglycan)	antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) were investigated by the cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay in cell culture	Polysaccharide reduced the cytopathic impact in HSV-infected cells in a dose-dependent manner, with no cytotoxic effects even at a dosage of 2000 µg/ml.The antiviral activity of GLPG was demonstrated in cells treated with the compound before, during, and after infection, with virus titers in the supernatant of cell culture 48 h later assessed using the TCID(50) assay.Pre-treatment and treatment during virus infection revealed stronger antiviral effects of GLPG than post-infection therapy.	Liu et al. (2004)
Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler,	Omphalotaceae	mycelia (LEM) solid culture extracts	anti-influenza virus activity of LEM in vitro (influenza virus growth) and in vivo (infected mice)	Infected mice who were given LEM orally had a longer median survival duration.Infected mice developed mild bronchiolitis after receiving LEM by mouth, and the amount of alveolitis was dramatically reduced.The LEM-administered mice demonstrated a rapid stimulation of IFN-γ gene expression after being infected with influenza virus.In a mouse model, LEM's immunopotentiation activity on the type I IFN pathway prevents virus propagation from peribronchiolar to distal alveolar areas.	Kuroki et al. (2018)
Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler,	Omphalotaceae	polysaccharide (LeP)	Poliovirus type 1 (PV-1) and bovine herpes virus type 1 (BoHV-1).	AqE and LeP were more effective when added at 0 h after infection; however, EtOHE was more effective at 1 h and 2 h after infection. AqE, EtOHE, and LeP demonstrated modest virucidal efficacy, and viral adsorption was not significantly inhibited.	Rincão et al. (2012)
		aqueous (AqE) and ethanol (EtOHE) extracts and polysaccharide (LeP)	Inhibition of viral adsorption. Plaque assay. Poliovirus type 1 (PV-1), vaccinal strain, bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1)	Adding the extract at concentrations of 3.1, 6.3, 12.5, and 25 mg/ml at the time of infection (0 h) resulted in viral inhibition of 1.8, 17.5, 41.1, and 82.5%, respectively.The percentages of inhibition were 9.2, 12.1, 24.5, and 60.2% one hour after infection (1 h).	Rincão et al. (2012)
Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer,	Polyporaceae	peptidomannan, KS-2, extracted from culture mycelia	influenza A2 (H2N2) virus,	In mice infected intranasally (IN) with influenza A2 (H2N2) virus, KS-2 was revealed to exhibit important protective qualities.The agent's efficacy was established by an increase in the number of survivors, a longer mean survival time, a reduction in viral titer in lung tissues, and an inhibition of lung consolidation produced by the viral infection.Oral and intraperitoneal KS-2 administrations protected mice from infection, and both prophylactic and chemotherapeutic administrations had substantial antiviral efficacy.	Suzuki et al. (1979)
Ganoderma pfeifferi Bres.,	Polyporaceae	triterpenes	Herpes simplex virus.	Inhibitory activity of the herpes simplex virus in ganoderone A, lucialdehyde B, and ergosta-7,22‑dien-3-ol.	Niedermeyer et al. (2005)
Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer,	Polyporaceae	lentinan (LNT-I)	IHNV infection	In pre-addition, co-addition, and post-addition to IHNV, direct inactivation and antiviral capability were 62.34%, 39.60%, 53.63%, and 82.38%, respectively, under 100 g/mL of LNT-I. (MOI of 0.05).The principal antiviral mechanisms of LNT-I are direct inactivation and suppression of viral replication.LNT-I dramatically decreased the expression of TNF-, IL-2, and IL-11 after being exposed to IHNV while considerably raising the expression of IFN-1 and IFN-γ.	Ren et al. (2018)
Coriolus versicolor (L.) Quél.,	Polyporaceae	Polysaccharide, peptide	anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)	It stopped HIV-1 gp 120 from interacting with an immobilised CD4 receptor (IC50 = 150 µg/ml), recombinant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (IC50 = 6.25 µg/ml), and a glycohydrolase enzyme involved in viral glycosylation (IC50 = 6.25 µg/ml).	Collins and Ng (1997)
Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst.	Polyporaceae	triterpenoids (GLTs), Lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-3-one,15;26-dihydroxy (GLTA) and Ganoderic acid Y (GLTB),	EV71 infection	By connecting with the viral particle and blocking virus adsorption to the cells, GLTA and GLTB prevent EV71 infection.The interactions between the EV71 virion and the chemicals were predicted using molecular docking, which revealed that GLTA and GLTB bind to the viral capsid protein at a ydrophobic pocket (F site), blocking EV71 uncoating.EV71 replication is inhibited by GLTA and GLTB, which impede EV71 uncoating and consequently viral RNA (vRNA) replication.	Zhang et al. (2014)
		GLPG (Ganoderma lucidum proteoglycan)	antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2)	GLPG decreased cell death in HSV-infected cells in a dose-dependent manner.GLPG had no cytotoxic effect even at 2 mg/ml.To test GLPG's antiviral action, cells were infected with the virus and the viral titer in the cell culture supernatant was evaluated before, during, and after infection. A TCID ((50)) assay was used to assess 48 h after infection.	Li et al. (2005)
Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm.,, Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr., , Auriporia aurea (Peck) Ryvarden,  and Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd,	Pleurotaceae, Polyporaceae, Fomitopsidaceae,		HSV-2 strain BH in RK-13 cells - inhibition as for influenza	The mycelium of T. versicolor 353 was discovered to have a high therapeutic index (324.67)	Filippova et al. (2013)
Boletus edulis Bull.,Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm., andLentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer,	Boletaceae, Pleurotaceae, Polyporaceae	Polysaccharide fraction	herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)	The mushrooms water extracts strongly suppressed viral reproduction in vitro, with IC50 values ranging from 26.69 mg/ml-1 to 35.12 mg/ml-1.Compounds with a high molecular weight (HMW) are responsible for antiviral activity.The antiviral activity of B. edulis compounds (likely chitin-binding lectins) was discovered to be correlated with the presence of b-glucans in the polysaccharide fractions, which were found to have stronger antiviral activity than the whole water extracts.	Santoyo et al. (2012)
Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link,	Cordycipitaceae	acidic polysaccharide	bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and the lung of mice infected with influenza A virus	When given intranasally, the polysaccharide lowered virus titers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and the lungs of mice infected with influenza A virus and enhanced survival rates.APS increased TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma levels in mice.APS enhanced NO production and promoted iNOS mRNA and protein expression in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells.There was also an increase in the expression of cytokine mRNA, such as IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha.	Ohta et al. (2007)
Rozites caperatus (Pers.) P. Karst.,	Cortinariaceae	protein RC28	herpes simplex virus-1 in Vero cells and in a herpes simplex virus-1 mouse keratitis model	•The antiviral protein RC28, which was isolated from the fungus Rozites caperata (Cortinarius caperatus), was found to have significant antiviral activity against the herpes simplex virus-1. •The peptide reduced viral yields by at least 1.2 logs in Vero cells, while the cloned peptide delayed the start of stromal keratitis and reduced its severity in an animal model.	Yan et al. (2015)
Phellinus linteus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Teng	Hymenochaetaceae	inotilone (1) and 4-(3,4 dihydroxyphenyl)−3-buten-2-one (2)	Recombinant influenza A virus H1N1 (rvH1N1).	The activity of H1N1 neuraminidase was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by compounds 1 and 2, with IC50 values of 29.1 and 125.6 M, respectively.They also showed antiviral effectiveness in a viral cytopathic impact reduction experiment employing MDCK cells.	Hwang et al. (2014)
Phellinus baumii Pilát,	Hymenochaetaceae	Polyphenols (hispidin,hypholomine B,inoscavin A,davallialactone, andphelligridin D)	Influenza A virus(H1N1, H5N1, andH3N2)	All drugs inhibited noncompetitively H1N1, H5N1, and H3N2 neuraminidase activity and reduced the quantity of virally-induced cytopathic effect in an MDCK cell-based experiment (CPE).	Hwang et al. (2015)
Phellinus igniarius (L.) Quél.,	Hymenochaetaceae	eudesm-1β, 6α, 11-triol, compound 1), one ergosta −4, 6, 8(14), 22-tetraen-3-one (compound 2), four polyphenols (compounds 3, 4, 5, 6), and one pyrone (3‑hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone, compound 7)	H5N1 influenza A virus	Antiviral activity against H5N1 influenza is demonstrated by these drugs. An MTT colorimetric assay method was used to analyze a virus in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.Compound 1 has a great ability to inhibit the influenza virus, according to the data. The 50% effective concentration was 0.14 0.04 M. According to molecular modeling, the anti-influenza virus activity of this drug was also linked to interactions of hydroxyl groups with an amino acid residue (Asn 170) of neuraminidase (NA) at the binding site.In addition, at a concentration of 0.657 0.325 mg/mL, compound 1 inhibited the NA enzyme by 50%, indicating that compound 1 is likely to interfere with the NA enzyme.	Song et al. (2014)
Porodaedalea pini (Brot.) Murrill	Hymenochaetaceae	polymers, EP-AV1 and EP-AV2	plaque formation in Vero cells caused by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)	•Plaque development was reduced by 91% and 93% in Vero cells caused by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) at 5 g/mL, respectively, and by 32% and 84% in HeLa cells induced by coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3) at 1 mg/mL. •The selectivity indices for HSV-1 (ratio CC50/EC50) were extremely high, with values of >25,000 (EP-AV1) and >16,670 (EC50), respectively (EP-AV2). •At relatively greater quantities, neuraminidase activity was also suppressed.	Lee et al. (2010)
Inonotus obliquus (Ach. ex Pers.) Pilát,	Hymenochaetaceae	Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides (IOP),	herpes simplex virus (HSV)	AEIO showed a significant reduction in herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection (the 50% inhibitory concentration in the plaque reduction assay was 3.82 g/mL, and 12.29 g/mL in the HSV-1/blue assay), as well as protection in Vero cells (the 50% cellular cytotoxicity was > 1 mg/mL, and the selection index was > 80).The mechanism of anti-HSV efficacy against the early stages of viral infection was revealed utilizing a time course test, successful stage analysis, and fusion inhibition assay to prevent viral-induced membrane fusion.AEIO, unlike nucleoside analogue a, was able to effectively block HSV-1 entry by acting on viral glycoproteins, preventing membrane fusion.	Pan et al. (2013)
			hepatitis C virus	After both preventive (24 h before infection) and therapeutic administration, fungus extracts demonstrated antiviral properties (during infection of porcine embryo kidney cells).The findings reveal that birch fungal extracts suppress infective virus production in pig embryo kidney cells.	Shibnev et al. (2011)
			Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).	In lymphoblastoid cells culture MT-4, low toxic extracts were combined with the virus at a dosage of 5.0 g/ml and demonstrated antiviral action.The extract of the birch fungus can be used to make new antiviral medications and HIV-replication inhibitors when used as single pharmaceuticals or as part of a complicated treatment.	Shibnev et al. (2015)
Inonotus obliquus f. sterilis (Vanin) Balandaykin et Zmitr.,	Hymenochaetaceae	Polysaccharides (IOPs)	HIV-1	IOP was found to have wide antiviral activity against feline herpesvirus 1, feline influenza viruses H3N2 and H5N6, feline panleukopenia virus, and feline infectious peritonitis virus, all of which can cause respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses in cats.According to these findings, IOP could be a viable broad-spectrum antiviral therapy for feline infections.	Tian et al. (2017)
Pleurotus cystidiosus O.K. Mill.,	Pleurotaceae	polysaccharide	HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	•With an IC50 of 8.7 10(−2) µm it inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.	Wang et al. (2007)
Pleurotus citrinopileatus Singer,	Pleurotaceae	Polysaccharopeptide(modified withchlorosulfonic acid)	HIV Reverse transcriptase andglycohydrolase	•It generated a mitogenic response in mouse splenocytes in vitro, with the maximum response occurring at 2 microM lectin concentration. The lectin inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC50 of 0.93 microM. It did not have any antifungal qualities at all.	Li et al. (2008)
Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm.,	Pleurotaceae	Ubiquitin-like Protein	HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity	•It hindered translation (IC50) = 160 nM) and exhibited poor ribonucleolytic activity (14 micro/mg) against yeast tRNA in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. •It also had inhibitory effect against the human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase, which might be enhanced by succinylation.	Wang et al. (2000)
Pleurotus nebrodensis (Inzenga) Quél.,	Pleurotaceae	hemolysin	anti-HIV-1 effects	Hemolysin was discovered to exhibit anti-HIV-1 action in CEM cell culture.	Lv et al. (2008)
Russula paludosa Britzelm.,	Russulaceae	Peptide	HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity	•At doses of 1 mg/ml, 0.2 mg/ml, and 0.04 mg/ml, respectively, the inhibition ratios were 99.2%, 89.3%, and 41.8%, yielding an IC50 of 11 microM. The amino acid sequence KREHGQHCEF is found at the N-terminus of SU2, which has a molecular mass of 4.5 kDa.	Wang et al. (2007)
Tricholoma giganteum Massee,	Tricholomataceae	Laccase	HIV-1	•The laccase was not adsorbed on DEAE-cellulose, however it was absorbed on Affi-gel blue gel and CM-cellulose. It inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC(50) of 2.2 microM.	Wang et al. (2004)
Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray	Grifolaceae	G. frondosa polysaccharide (GFP1)		GFP1 was examined for anti-EV71 efficacy in cultured cells, and it was discovered that it inhibited EV71 viral replication, as well as viral VP1 protein expression and genomic RNA synthesis.GFP1 inhibited caspase-3 cleavage and IB downregulation produced by EV71, indicating apoptotic and other activities.The findings reveal that the novel G. frondosa polysaccharide exhibits antiviral action, implying that it could be used as a new anti-EV71 treatment.	Zhao et al. (2016)
		protein	herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication in vitro	GFAHP inhibits HSV-1 penetration into Vero cells by directly inactivating HSV-1.	Gu et al. (2007)
		D-fraction extracted from Grifola frondosa (GF-D)	inhibitory effect on hepatitis B virus (HBV)	The combination of GF-D and IFN reduced HBV replication synergistically in 2.2.15 cells. In the presence of 0.45 mg/ml GF-D, the apparent IC50 for IFN was 154 IU/ml.The antiviral activity of IFN was boosted 9-fold, suggesting that GF-D might be used in conjunction with IFN.These data show that using GF-D in combination with IFN could be a good way to treat persistent HBV infections.	Gu et al. (2006)
		β-glucan	HIV infection patients	Twenty patients had an increase of 1.4–1.8 fold in CD4+ cell counts, whereas eight had a drop of 0.8–0.5 fold. The viral load increased in 9 cases and dropped in 10 others.However, 85% of respondents reported an increased sense of well-being in terms of numerous symptoms and secondary diseases caused by HIV.These results suggest that Maitake D-Fraction has a positive impact on HIV patients.	Nanba et al. (2000)