Table 4.
Multivariate analysis on Stroke/SEE, major bleeding and all-cause death
| Factor | Stroke/SEE | Major bleeding | All-cause death | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95%CI) | P-value | HR (95%CI) | P-value | HR (95%CI) | P-value | ||||
| Sex | Mena | — | — | — | |||||
| Women | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) | 0.91 | 0.92 (0.78–1.09) | 0.33 | 0.61 (0.55–0.67) | <0.001 | |||
| Age | <85 yearsa | — | — | — | |||||
| ≥85 years | 1.28 (1.11–1.48) | 0.001 | 1.27 (1.06–1.52) | 0.01 | 1.81 (1.66–1.99) | <0.001 | |||
| Body mass index | <18.5 kg/m2 | 1.12 (0.86–1.44) | 0.40 | 1.32 (0.99–1.76) | 0.06 | 1.84 (1.62–2.09) | <0.001 | ||
| ≥18.5, <25.0 kg/m2a | — | — | — | ||||||
| ≥25.0 kg/m2 | 1.03 (0.88–1.21) | 0.74 | 0.74 (0.60–0.91) | 0.005 | 0.85 (0.75– 0.95) | 0.006 | |||
| History of major bleeding | Yes | 1.18 (0.91—1.51) | 0.21 | 1.75 (1.32–2.32) | <0.001 | 1.18 (1.00–1.39) | 0.06 | ||
| Noa | — | — | — | ||||||
| Types of AF | Paroxysmala | — | — | — | |||||
| Persistent | 1.64 (1.36–1.98) | <0.001 | 1.03 (0.82–1.30) | 0.78 | 1.29 (1.14–1.46) | <0.001 | |||
| Long–standing persistent/permanent | 1.68 (1.44–1.96) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.81–1.17) | 0.79 | 1.22 (1.10–1.35) | <0.001 | |||
| Systolic blood pressure | <130 mmHga | — | — | — | |||||
| ≥130, <140 mmHg | 1.08 (0.92–1.28) | 0.35 | 0.97 (0.79–1.19) | 0.79 | 0.88 (0.78–0.98) | 0.02 | |||
| ≥140 mmHg | 1.31 (1.12–1.54) | 0.001 | 1.14 (0.93–1.39) | 0.20 | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) | 0.12 | |||
| Severe liver function disorderb | Yes | 1.60 (0.94–2.72) | 0.08 | 2.26 (1.32–3.85) | 0.003 | 1.79 (1.30– 2.47) | <0.001 | ||
| Noa | — | — | — | ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | HbA1c: <6.0% | 1.11 (0.82–1.51) | 0.50 | 0.95 (0.64–1.42) | 0.81 | 1.07 (0.88–1.31) | 0.50 | ||
| HbA1c: ≥6.0% | 1.18 (1.01–1.40) | 0.04 | 1.00 (0.81–1.23) | 0.98 | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 0.52 | |||
| Nonea | — | — | — | ||||||
| Hyperuricaemia | Yes | 0.91 (0.78–1.07) | 0.27 | 1.06 (0.88–1.28) | 0.55 | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) | 0.04 | ||
| Noa | — | — | — | ||||||
| Heart failure, reduced LVEF | Yes | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | 0.46 | 1.13 (0.95–1.34) | 0.16 | 1.33 (1.21–1.45) | <0.001 | ||
| Noa | — | — | — | ||||||
| Myocardial infarction | Yes | 1.18 (0.91–1.55) | 0.22 | 1.08 (0.78–1.49) | 0.64 | 1.41 (1.21–1.64) | <0.001 | ||
| Noa | — | — | — | ||||||
| Cerebrovascular diseasec | Yes | 2.25 (1.97–2.58) | <0.001 | 1.25 (1.05–1.49) | 0.01 | 1.13 (1.02–1.24) | 0.02 | ||
| Noa | — | — | — | ||||||
| Other thromboembolic disease | Yes | 1.38 (1.13–1.67) | 0.001 | 1.17 (0.91–1.51) | 0.21 | 1.16 (1.01–1.32) | 0.04 | ||
| Noa | — | — | — | ||||||
| Active cancer | Yes | 1.00 (0.82–1.22) | 1.00 | 1.34 (1.08–1.68) | 0.009 | 1.54 (1.38–1.73) | <0.001 | ||
| Noa | — | — | — | ||||||
| Dementia | Yes | 1.11 (0.90–1.36) | 0.34 | 1.05 (0.81–1.38) | 0.70 | 1.78 (1.59–2.00) | <0.001 | ||
| Noa | — | — | — | ||||||
| Fall within 1 year | Yes | 1.38 (1.12–1.69) | 0.002 | 1.94 (1.54–2.44) | <0.001 | 1.47 (1.29–1.67) | <0.001 | ||
| Noa | — | — | — | ||||||
| Catheter ablation | Yes | 0.58 (0.42–0.79) | <0.001 | 0.66 (0.47–0.94) | 0.02 | 0.55 (0.44–0.69) | <0.001 | ||
| Noa | — | — | — | ||||||
| Antiarrhythmic agents | Yes | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 0.91 | 0.84 (0.72–0.99) | 0.04 | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 0.54 | ||
| Noa | — | — | — | ||||||
| Antiplatelet agents | Yes | 0.89 (0.74–1.06) | 0.19 | 0.99 (0.80–1.22) | 0.91 | 1.09 (0.98–1.22) | 0.12 | ||
| Noa | — | — | — | ||||||
| Proton pump inhibitors | Yes | 0.88 (0.76–1.01) | 0.08 | 1.00 (0.84–1.19) | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.97–1.17) | 0.18 | ||
| Noa | — | — | — | ||||||
| P-gp inhibitors | Yes | 1.08 (0.67–1.76) | 0.74 | 0.84 (0.43–1.63) | 0.60 | 1.34 (1.01–1.78) | 0.04 | ||
| Noa | — | — | — | ||||||
| Dyslipidaemia | Yes | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) | 0.16 | 0.93 (0.79–1.10) | 0.42 | 0.75 (0.69–0.83) | <0.001 | ||
| Noa | — | — | — | ||||||
| Creatinine clearance | <30 mL/min, severe renal disease, dialysis | 1.34 (1.07–1.67) | 0.01 | 1.10 (0.84–1.43) | 0.51 | 2.56 (2.22–2.96) | <0.001 | ||
| ≥30, <50mL/min | 1.09 (0.92–1.29) | 0.31 | 0.91 (0.74–1.12) | 0.37 | 1.42 (1.25–1.61) | <0.001 | |||
| ≥50 mL/mina | — | — | — | ||||||
| Digestive disease | Yes | 0.97 (0.84–1.12) | 0.67 | 0.94 (0.78–1.12) | 0.47 | 0.82 (0.75–0.90) | <0.001 | ||
| Noa | — | — | — | ||||||
| Polypharmacy | <5 medicinesa | — | — | — | |||||
| ≥5 medicines | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 0.90 | 1.30 (1.05–1.61) | 0.02 | 1.28 (1.13–1.44) | <0.001 | |||
Type of anticoagulants were included in the multivariate analysis model as an explanatory factor. The results of univariate and multivariate analysis for type of anticoagulants are separately shown in Table 2 to avoid duplication. Unknown category of body mass index, blood pressure, HbA1c, creatinine clearance, and fall within 1 year were not shown.
AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycosylated haemoglobin; HR, hazard ratio; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; P-gp, glycoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SEE, systemic embolic events.
Reference.
Severe liver dysfunction was based on physician’s decision with no criteria.
Cerebrovascular disease included stroke, TIA, and other cerebral diseases.