Table 2. Comparison of long-term symptom occurrence among COVID-19 survivors according to disease severity, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil*.
| Long-term symptoms | COVID-19 severity |
Total, n = 175 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild/moderate vs. severe |
|
Mild/moderate vs. critical |
||||||||
| Mild/moderate, n = 35 | Severe, n = 80 | OR (95% CI) | p value† | Mild/moderate, n = 35 | Critical, n = 60 | OR (95% CI) | p value† | |||
| Mean time from onset of symptoms to inclusion, d (SD) | 51 (+27) | 48 (+23) | 51 (+27) | 72 (+26) | 57 (+27) | |||||
| Median |
43 |
41 |
|
|
|
43 |
74.5 |
|
|
50 |
| Need for readmission |
0 |
1 (1.3) |
– |
1.000 |
|
0 |
1 (1.7) |
– |
1.000 |
2 (1.1) |
| Persistent symptoms | ||||||||||
| No | 10 (28.6) | 21 (26.3) | 10 (28.6) | 4 (6.7) | 35 (20) | |||||
| Yes |
25 (71.4) |
59 (73.8) |
1.12 (0.46–2.73) |
0.822 |
|
25 (71.4) |
56 (93.3) |
5.60 (1.60–19.58) |
0.006‡ |
140 (80) |
| Respiratory symptoms | n = 25 | n = 59 | 25 | n = 56 | 140 | |||||
| Dyspnea | 9 (36) | 22 (37) | 1.06 (0.40–2.80) | 1.000 | 9 (36) | 15 (27) | 0.65 (0.24–1.78) | 0.437 | 46 (32) | |
| Cough | 4 (16) | 20 (34) | 2.69 (0.81–8.92) | 0.118 | 4 (16) | 16 (29) | 2.10 (0.62–7.09) | 0.275 | 40 (29) | |
| Rhinorrhea |
0 |
4 (7) |
– |
0.313 |
|
0 |
3 (5) |
– |
0.549 |
7 (5) |
| MRC Dyspnea Scale | n = 9 | n = 22 | n = 9 | n = 15 | 46 | |||||
| Level 1–2 | 6 (67) | 14 (64) | 0.88 (0.17–4.49) | 1.000 | 6 (67) | 6 (40) | 0.33 (0.06–1.88) | 0.615 | 26 (56) | |
| Level 3–5 |
3 (33) |
8 (36) |
0.29 (0.06–1.47) |
|
|
3 (33) |
9 (60) |
3.00 (0.53–16.9) |
0.412 |
20 (44) |
| Cardiovascular symptoms | n = 25 | n = 59 | n = 25 | n = 56 | 140 | |||||
| Swelling | 2 (8) | 6 (67) | 1.03 (0.16–6.62) | 1.000 | 2 (8) | 5 (9) | 1.13 (0.20–6.25) | 1.000 | 13 (9) | |
| Hypertension | 1 (4) | 0 | – | 0.298 | 1 (4) | 1 (2) | 0.44 (0.03–7.27) | 0.525 | 2 (1) | |
| Hypotension |
0 |
1 (2) |
– |
1.000 |
|
0 |
1 (2) |
– |
1.000 |
2 (1) |
| Neurologic symptoms | n = 25 | n = 59 | n = 25 | n = 56 | 140 | |||||
| Headache | 10 (40) | 16 (27) | 0.56 (0.21–1.49) | 0.304 | 10 (40) | 10 (18) | 0.33 (0.11–0.93) | 0.050‡ | 36 (26) | |
| Altered skin sensitivity | 1 (4) | 4 (7) | 1.75 (0.19–16.45) | 1.000 | 1 (4) | 21 (38) | 14.4 (1.8–114.3) | 0.001‡ | 26 (19) | |
| Hypogeusia | 6 (24) | 10 (17) | 0.65 (0.21–2.03) | 0.545 | 6 (24) | 3 (5) | 0.18 (0.04–0.79) | 0.022‡ | 19 (14) | |
| Hyposmia | 7 (28) | 7 (12) | 0.35 (0.11–1.12) | 0.107 | 7 (28) | 4 (7) | 0.20 (0.05–0.76) | 0.030‡ | 18 (13) | |
| Dysgeusia | 3 (12) | 3 (5) | 0.39 (0.07–2.10) | 0.356 | 3 (12) | 7 (13) | 1.05 (0.25–4.44) | 1.000 | 13 (9) | |
| Loss of recent memory (brain fog) |
2 (8) |
3 (5) |
0.62 (0.10–3.93) |
0.631 |
|
2 (8) |
3 (5) |
0.65 (0.10–4.16) |
0.642 |
8 (6) |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms | n = 25 | n = 59 | n = 25 | n = 56 | 140 | |||||
| Diarrhea | 0 | 2 (3) | – | 1.000 | 0 | 4 (7) | – | 0.306 | 6 (4) | |
| Stomach pain |
2 (8) |
0 |
– |
0.086 |
|
2 (8) |
0 |
– |
0.093 |
2 (1) |
| Other symptoms, n | n = 25 | n = 59 | n = 25 | n = 56 | 140 | |||||
| Fatigue | 10 (40) | 23 (39) | 0.96 (0.37–2.49) | 1.000 | 10 (40) | 22 (39) | 0.97 (0.37–2.54) | 1.000 | 54 (39) | |
| Muscle weakness | 3 (12) | 11 (19) | 1.68 (0.43–6.63) | 0.539 | 3 (12) | 21 (38) | 4.4 (1.17–16.5) | 0.033‡ | 35 (25) | |
| Vision impairment | 1 (4) | 1 (2) | 0.41 (0.03–6.89) | 0.509 | 1 (4) | 8 (14) | 4 (0.47–33.86) | 0.262 | 10 (7) | |
| Loss of hair | 2 (8) | 3 (5) | 0.62 (0.10–3.93) | 0.631 | 2 (8) | 4 (7) | 0.89 (0.15–5.18) | 1.000 | 9 (6) | |
*Values are no. (%) except as indicated. –, calculation could not be performed. †p values were calculated using Fisher exact test. ‡p<0.05.