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. 2022 Mar 1;13:1108. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28774-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Triangles represent observed variables and ovals represent latent variables. Correlations in genetic signals between relatives can be estimated by following path tracing rules. h = influence of latent genetic factor on phenotype, heritability when squared; s = influence of latent genetic factor on polygenic score, genetic signal; m = partner similarity in mated phenotype; a = association between mated and measured phenotype; r_s = correlation between siblings’ latent genetic factors; C = shared environmental variance; c = influences of shared environment; Eg = residual variance of polygenic score (not related to latent genetic factor); El = residual variance of latent phenotype (not related to latent genetic factor); Ep = residual variance of phenotype (not related to mated phenotype). A restricted version of the model can be estimated by constraining c to 0.00 and a to 1.00; otherwise, these can be freely estimated. Variances are fixed to 1. The residual correlation between siblings’ polygenic scores (here fixed to 0.50) can be freely estimated if influences of C are fixed to 0.00.