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. 2022 Mar 1;13:1098. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28740-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a–d Quasi in situ high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) images showing the evolution course from isolated Ba single atoms (Ba_SAs) to subnanometric (BaO_NCs) at the irradiation time of 5 min (a), 10 min (b), 60 min (c) and 120 min (d) respectively. The related size distribution is labeled as insets (c, d), in which the range of both x (0.4–1.0) and y (0–7) axes are set consistently. e, HAADF-STEM image (left) and respective elemental mapping images (right) verifying the component of Ba elements on the BaO_NCs-TNS surface. f Variation of Ba²⁺ concentration during the operando construction of BaO_NCs detected by ion chromatography.