Table 2.

Energy-adjusted nutrient intakes and allergic rhinitis.

	Unit	Allergic rhinitis (n = 186)	Control (n = 106)	P-value
Total energy	kJ/day	7819 ± 2100	7966 ± 2135	0.576
Protein	% energy	14.24 ± 2.29	14.72 ± 2.36	0.152
Fat	% energy	24.87 ± 5.24	25.28 ± 5.44	0.794
Saturated fat	% energy	6.51 ± 1.82	6.38 ± 1.63	0.644
Monounsaturated fat	% energy	8.96 ± 2.11	9.14 ± 2.23	0.767
Polyunsaturated fat	% energy	6.26 ± 1.22	6.56 ± 1.37	0.107
n-6 polyunsaturated fat	% energy	5.04 ± 1.00	5.26 ± 1.11	0.161
n-3 polyunsaturated fat	% energy	1.20 ± 0.30	1.28 ± 0.36	0.125
n-3 polyunsaturated fat of marine origina	% energy	0.39 ± 0.18	0.41 ± 0.22	0.388
Eicosapentaenoic acid	% energy	0.13 ± 0.07	0.14 ± 0.08	0.403
Docosahexaenoic acid	% energy	0.22 ± 0.10	0.23 ± 0.12	0.373
α-Linolenic acid	% energy	0.77 ± 0.19	0.82 ± 0.21	0.118
Cholesterol	mg/10 MJ	445 ± 153	458 ± 178	0.752
Carbohydrate	% energy	51.61 ± 8.41	51.89 ± 6.94	0.914
Total dietary fibre	g/10 MJ	13.61 ± 3.79	14.44 ± 3.88	0.060
Soluble dietary fibre	g/10 MJ	3.44 ± 1.06	3.61 ± 1.14	0.370
Insoluble dietary fibre	g/10 MJ	9.77 ± 2.68	10.29 ± 2.57	0.072
Alcohol	% energy	7.78 ± 9.05	6.59 ± 6.97	0.995
Retinol	μg/10 MJ	484 ± 347	709 ± 909	0.001
Vitamin A (retinol equivalent)b	μg/10 MJ	779 ± 415	1013 ± 939	0.003
α-Carotene	μg/10 MJ	389 ± 323	366 ± 306	0.351
β-Carotene	μg/10 MJ	3154 ± 2145	3240 ± 2006	0.570
β-Carotene equivalentc	μg/10 MJ	3488 ± 2293	3603 ± 2191	0.523
Cryptoxanthin	μg/10 MJ	274 ± 271	355 ± 291	0.007
α-Tocopherol	mg/10 MJ	8.36 ± 2.01	8.77 ± 2.08	0.130
Vitamin K	μg/10 MJ	382 ± 182	417 ± 190	0.088
Thiamine	mg/10 MJ	0.90 ± 0.18	0.94 ± 0.19	0.260
Riboflavin	mg/10 MJ	1.60 ± 0.42	1.65 ± 0.44	0.413
Niacin	mg/10 MJ	21.85 ± 5.17	22.77 ± 5.25	0.222
Vitamin B6	mg/10 MJ	1.52 ± 0.33	1.56 ± 0.32	0.271
Vitamin B12	μg/10 MJ	10.52 ± 4.67	11.77 ± 5.97	0.063
Folate	μg/10 MJ	388 ± 142	413 ± 139	0.088
Pantothenic acid	mg/10 MJ	7.98 ± 1.53	8.34 ± 1.67	0.110
Vitamin C	mg/10 MJ	119 ± 58	126 ± 52	0.151
Sodium	mg/10 MJ	5344 ± 1049	5529 ± 995	0.101
Potassium	mg/10 MJ	2963 ± 727	3070 ± 729	0.215
Calcium	mg/10 MJ	613 ± 232	621 ± 203	0.367
Magnesium	mg/10 MJ	310 ± 57	321 ± 58	0.149
Phosphorus	mg/10 MJ	1269 ± 230	1302 ± 222	0.181
Iron	mg/10 MJ	9.29 ± 2.24	9.77 ± 2.15	0.063
Zinc	mg/10 MJ	10.10 ± 1.41	10.48 ± 1.42	0.053
Copper	mg/10 MJ	1.41 ± 0.24	1.48 ± 0.22	0.023
Manganese	mg/10 MJ	4.03 ± 1.24	3.95 ± 1.09	0.793

Values are shown as the mean ± standard deviation. P-values were calculated using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. No adjustments were made for statistical tests shown in this table.

^aSum of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid¹⁶.

^bSum of retinol, β-carotene/12, α-carotene/24, and cryptoxanthin/24¹⁶.

^cSum of β-carotene, α-carotene/2, and cryptoxanthin/2¹⁶.