Table 3.
Overview of Swine Models for Cancer Research
| Model or cancer type | Description and Phenotype | Citation |
|---|---|---|
| A. Immunocompromised | ||
| ARTEMIS −/− | T− B− NK+ | (Waide et al. 2015) |
| ARTEMIS−/− and IL2RG−/Y | T− B− NK− | (Boettcher et al. 2020b) |
| RAG1−/− or RAG2−/− | T− B− NK+ | (Ito et al. 2014; Lee et al. 2014; Huang et al. 2014; Suzuki et al. 2016) |
| IL2RG −/Y | T− B+ NK− | (Suzuki et al. 2012; Kang et al. 2016; Hara et al. 2018; Ren et al. 2020) |
| RAG2−/− IL2RG−/Y | T− B− NK− | (Lei et al. 2016; Hendricks-Wenger et al. 2021) |
| B. Genetic porcine models | ||
| Cre inducible KRASG12D TP53R167H | Inducible KRASG12D and TP53R167H expression upon Cre recombinase localized injection | (Schook et al. 2015b) |
| Cre inducible KRASG12D | Inducible KRASG12D expression upon Cre recombinase localized injection | (Li et al. 2015) |
| Cre inducible TP53R167H | Inducible TP53R167H expression upon Cre recombinase localized injection | (Leuchs et al. 2012) |
| TP53 R167H/ R167H | Gene targeted mutation in to introduce R167H missense mutation; TP53R167H/ R167H pigs developed lymphomas, osteogenic, and renal tumors | (Sieren et al. 2014) |
| B-cell lymphoma | Cell line derived from post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Cell line underwent transduction for GFP expression for tracking | (Schenk et al. 2019) |
| Spontaneous malignancy; cellular phenotype was CD3− CD172− CD16− CD25+ CD45RA+ and CD79α+ with MHC class I and II expression | (Andrews et al. 2019) | |
| Breast cancer | SV40 LT transfection and miRNA knockdown of BRCA1 (cellular model) | (Donninger et al. 2015) |
| Lentiviral transduction of polyomavirus T antigens | (Rowson-Hodel et al. 2015) | |
| Colorectal cancer | Gene-targeted stop codon; APC1311/+ pigs develop adenomas in the large intestine | (Flisikowska et al. 2012) |
| Glioma | Lentiviral induced PDFG-B, constitutive HRAS, and shRNA-TP53 | (Tora et al. 2020) |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Inducible KRASG12D TP53R167H | (Schachtschneider et al. 2017b; Gaba et al. 2020) |
| Melanoma | Hereditary melanoma; Sinclair miniature swine | (Oxenhandler et al. 1979) |
| Hereditary melanoma; melanoma-bearing Libechov minipig. | (Horák et al. 1999) | |
| Myeloid leukemia | Spontaneous development of myelogenous leukemia, shortened chromosome arm identified | (Duran-Struuck et al. 2010) |
| Osteosarcoma | Spontaneous development of osteosarcoma in pigs with heterozygous knockout of TP53; homozygous TP53 knockout resulted in large tumors in 7–8-month-old animals (~96 cm3) | (Saalfrank et al. 2016) |
| Pancreatic cancer | Inducible mutations in KRASG12D TP53R167H; development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma after adeno-cre injection into pancreatic duct | (Principe et al. 2018) |
| Soft tissue sarcoma | Inducible KRASG12D TP53R167H | (Schachtschneider et al. 2017a) |
| C. Normal immunocompetent pigs | ||
| Glioblastoma | Intracerebral injection of human U87 MG cells with cyclosporin immunosuppression; tumors reached 10,000 mm3 by 30 days post transplantation | (Selek et al. 2014) |
| Injection of human U87 cells within the corpus striatum with cyclosporine immunosuppression; pigs monitored with CT; some tumors grew to 3000 mm3 by 14 days post injection | (Khoshnevis et al. 2017) | |
Note.— APC = adenomatous polyposis coli gene, GFP = green fluorescent protein, PDFG-B = platelet growth factor beta