TABLE 1.
Fingolimod as an autophagy inducer/blocker and its role in cell death/survivals.
| Author/Year | Model | Findings | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zhang 2010 | Ovarian cancer cells | ↑ Autophagosomes and formation and accumulation of LC3-II | Pro-survival |
| Zhang et al. (2010) | ↑Autophagic flux | ||
| ↑LC3 turnover and p62 degradation | |||
| Wallington-Beddoe 2011 | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Cell lines | ↑Autophagosomes, LC3II expression ↑Autophagic flux | Pro-survival |
| Wallington-Beddoe et al. (2011) | |||
| Liao 2011 | Multiple myeloma (MM) cell line U266 | ↑LC3B-II | Pro-death |
| Liao et al. (2011) | |||
| Romero Rosales 2011 | Murine hematopoietic cell line FL5.12 and In vivo | ↑LC3-II | Pro-survival |
| Romero Rosales et al. (2011) | ↑Autophagosomes | ||
| ↑Autophagic flux | |||
| Alinari 2011 | Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cell lines | Accumulation of autolysosomes and increased LC3-II and p62 levels | Pro-death |
| Alinari et al. (2011) | ↑CD74 | ||
| Liao 2012 | Multiple myeloma (MM) cell line U266 | ↑Conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II | Pro-death |
| Liao et al. (2012) | ↑Autophagic flux | ||
| Li 2013 | Multiple myeloma cell line U266 | ↑LC3B-II | Pro-death |
| Li et al. (2013) | |||
| Tay 2014 | Human melanoma cells Mel-RM and MM200 cells | ↑Conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II | Pro-death |
| Tay et al. (2015) | ↑LC3-II | ||
| Degradation of sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) | |||
| Zhang 2015 | U251MG, U87MG, SHG44 and A172 glioblastoma cell lines and In vivo | ↑Conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II | Pro-death |
| Zhang et al. (2015) | ↑LC3-II | ||
| ↑Beclin 1 | |||
| ↑Autophagosomes | |||
| ↓p62/SQSTM1 | |||
| ↑Autophagic flux | |||
| Ahmed 2015 | Hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines Huh7 and HepG2 | ↑LC3-II | Pro-death |
| Ahmed et al. (2015) | ↑p62 | ||
| Zhang 2016 | Mouse model of TBI | ↑LC3-II | Pro-survival |
| Zhang et al. (2016) | ↑Beclin 1 | ||
| ↓p62 | |||
| Li 2016 | Colorectal cancer cells | ↑LC3B-II accumulation | Pro-death |
| Li et al. (2016) | ↑Autophagosomes | ||
| Bai 2017 | Oral squamous cell carcinoma cellsSCC4, SCC25, and SCC2095 | ↑LC3B-II conversion | Pro-death |
| Bai et al. (2017) | ↓p62 | ||
| Accumulation of autophagosomes | |||
| Li 2017 | Ischemic brain stroke in mice | ↓Induction of autophagosome proteins | Pro-survival |
| Li et al. (2017) | ↓ LC3-II | ||
| ↓Beclin 1 | |||
| Sun 2018 | Foam cells | ↑LC3II | Pro-survival |
| Sun et al. (2018) | |||
| Cui 2019 | Pancreatic stellate cells | ↓ LC3B-II | Pro-death |
| Cui et al. (2019) | ↓Atg5 | ||
| ↑p62 | |||
| Ota 2019 | Non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549 | ↑ MAP1 LC3B-II | Pro-death |
| Ota et al. (2019) | Accumulation of SQSTM1 | ||
| ↓Autophagic flux | |||
| Hu 2021 | Primary microglia cells | ↓LC3-II/LC3-I | Pro-survival |
| Hu et al. (2021) | ↓Beclin 1 | ||
| ↑p62 | |||
| ↓Autophagic flux |