Table 1.
The independent association of gestational diabetes mellitus with preeclampsia.
| Country | References | Study period | Type of birth | Study design | GDM criteria | Number of GDM | PE% GDM | Study content | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /No GDM | /No GDM | ||||||||
| Nine countries | Catalano et al. (16) | 2000–2006 | Single | PC | IADPSG | 2,518/16,238 | 5.9/3.5 | Association | Positive |
| Australia | Stone et al. (37) | 1996 | Single | RC | NR | 2,169/58,231 | 8.1/5.2 | Association | Positive |
| Cheung et al. (42) | 2014–2016 | Single | RC | IADPSG | 375/4,873 | 4.0/2.0 | Association | Negative | |
| Brazil | Schmidt et al. (41) | 1991–1995 | All | PC | ADA2000(75g OGTT)/ | Total 4,572 | NR | Association | Positive |
| WHO1999 | Association | Positive | |||||||
| Canada | Nerenberg et al. (34) | 2000–2009 | All | RC | CDA | 15,404/407,268 | 2.6/1.2 | Association | Positive |
| Lai et al. (40) | 2005–2011 | Single | RC | CDA | 18,137/306,576 | 3.4/1.7 | Association | Positive | |
| Hiersch et al. (35) | 2012–2016 | Single | RC | CDA | 16,731/250,211 | 1.1/0.7 | Association | Positive | |
| Denmark | Ovesen et al. (30) | 2004–2010 | Single | RC | ICD-10 O24.4 | 9,014/389,606 | 8.2/3.9 | Association | Positive |
| France | Cosson et al. (36) | 2002–2010 | Single | RC | French criteria/WHO1985 | 2,097/13,436 | 3.1/2.0 | Association | Positive |
| Billionnet et al. (39) | 2012 | All | RC | IADPSG | 57,629/735,519 | 2.6/1.6 | Association | Positive | |
| Germany | Weschenfelder et al. (45) | 2012–2016 | Single | RC | IADPSG/WHO2013 | 614/5,175 | 6.8/2.7 | Association | Negative |
| Israel | Košir Pogačnik et al. (46) | 2002–1026 | Single | RC | NDDG /IADPSG | 10,248/226,676 | 2.1/1.8 | Association | Negative |
| Japan | Shindo et al. (43) | 2000–2009 | Single | RC | IADPSG | 503/2,789 | 2.0/1.8 | Association | Negative |
| Sweden | Ostlund et al. (32) | 1992–1996 | Single | RC | ICD-9 648W | 3,448/427,404 | 6.1/2.8 | Association | Positive |
| Fadl et al. (33) | 1991–2003 | Single | RC | ICD-9/ICD-10 | 10,525/1,249,772 | 5.9/2.6 | Association | Positive | |
| Hilden et al. (31) | 1998–2012 | Single | RC | ICD-10 O24.4 | 13,057/1,252,093 | 3.4/1.8 | Association | Positive | |
| Uruguay | Conde-Agudelo et al. (17) | 1985–1997 | All | RC | ICD-10 O24.4 | 5,309/873,371 | 17.2/4.9 | Association | Positive |
| USA | Joffe et al. (44) | 1995 | Single | PC | NDDG | 81/3,381 | 12.4/7.7 | Association | Negative |
| Bryson et al. (38) | 1992–1998 | All | CC | ICD-9 648.8 | Total 62,982 | NR | Association | Positive |
ADA, American Diabetes Association; CC, case-control; CDA, Canadian Diabetes Association; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; IADPSG, International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; NDDG, National Diabetes Data Group; NR, not reported; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; PC, prospective cohort; PE, preeclampsia; RC, retrospective cohort; WHO, World Health Organization.