Table 16.

Comparative performance in terms of accuracy with the existing approaches–Gallagher’s dataset under Dago’s protocol

References	Classifier	Extracted features	Accuracy
Dago-Casas et al. (2011)	SVM	Gabor+PCA	86.01%
Castrillón-Santana et al. (2013)	Bagging	LBP+HOG	88.01%
Castrillón-Santana et al. (2016)	SVM	HOG+$LB{P}^{u2}$+LTP+WLD	82.91%
Mansanet et al. (2016)	Local DNN	*	90.58%
Orozco et al. (2017)	Ubunsa CNN	*	91.48%
Abdalrady and Aly (2020)	2-stage PCANet	*	89.65%
Proposed method	AOA-BPNN	Multi-blocks HOG	95.51%
		Multi-blocks LBP	96.08%
		Multi-blocks GLCM	95.03%