Table 1.
Examples of available molecular and cellular biomarkers of healthy ageing.
| Type | Biomarker | Hallmarks of cell ageing covered | reference |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Nucleic acid-based |
Telomere lenght | Telomere attrition | 54, 56 |
| Epigenetic clocks | Epigenetic alterations | 54, 55,71 | |
| Mitocondrial DNA | Mitochondrial dysfunction | 87 | |
|
Protein-based |
Apolipoprotein J/Clusterin (ApoJ/CLU) | Cellular senescence | 55, 90 |
| Proteasome subunits | Loss of proteostasis | 90 | |
|
Metabolic-based |
NAD/NADH ratio | Mitochondrial dysfunction | 11, 55 |
| Lipid alterations in plasma | Deregulated nutrient sensing | 55, 91 | |
| Plasma levels of essential amino-acids | Deregulated nutrient sensing | 55, 93 | |
|
Immunologic |
Soluble inflammatory markers (sCD14, sCD163, IL-6, hsCRP, D-dimer) | Inflammageing | 13 |
| Cell surface molecules (CD28, CD96) | Cellular senescence and exhaustion | 13 | |
| Integrative | MARK-AGE | Epigenetic alterations Mitochondrial dysfunction Deregulated nutrient sensing Inflammageing |
90 |