Table 4.
Factor loads extracted from exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation
| Factor 1 | ||||
| Perceived self-efficiency | CVR | CVI | Impact score | |
| Items | Factor load | |||
| I can plan to eat more fruit next week. | 0·77 | 0·81 | 1·00 | 1·59 |
| I can plan to eat more vegetables next week. | 0·74 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·61 |
| Despite my hectic schedule, I can eat five units of fruits and vegetables (two units of fruits and three units of vegetables) daily. | 0·74 | 0·63 | 1·00 | 1·51 |
| I can economically plan to buy more fruits and vegetables. | 0·71 | 0·81 | 0·96 | 1·63 |
| I can use fruits or vegetables even when I am upset or angry. | 0·69 | 1·00 | 0·81 | 1·90 |
| I can use fruit as a snack in the office. | 0·66 | 0·81 | 0·96 | 2·16 |
| I can use fruits and vegetables per day even during the cold season. | 0·66 | 0·63 | 0·93 | 2·01 |
| I can eat at least three units of vegetables per day (such as vegetables, cucumbers, tomatoes and carrots) | 0·65 | 0·93 | 1·00 | 1·76 |
| I can use vegetables (such as cucumbers, tomatoes and carrots) as a snack in the office. | 0·61 | 0·81 | 0·96 | 1·61 |
| I can eat at least two units of fruits a day. | 0·58 | 1·00 | 0·87 | 2·16 |
| I can eat fruits or vegetables (such as cucumbers, tomatoes and carrots) when I am outdoors (e.g. for shopping, leisure, travel). | 0·57 | 0·81 | 0·93 | 1·63 |
| Factor load range | 0·57−0·77 | |||
| Eigen value | 17·87 | |||
| Variance | 6·65 | |||
| Cumulative variance | 6·65 | |||
| Cronbach's alpha coefficient | 0·92 | |||
| Items | Factor 2 | |||
| Perceived barriers | CVR | CVI | Impact score | |
| Factor load | ||||
| Difficult access to greengrocers prevents me from consuming the required amount of vegetables. | 0·78 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·61 |
| Low quality and freshness of fruits in greengrocers prevents me from consuming the required amount of fruits. | 0·77 | 0·81 | 1·00 | 1·65 |
| Difficult access to greengrocers prevents me from consuming the required amount of fruits. | 0·75 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·58 |
| Low quality and freshness of vegetables in greengrocers prevents me from consuming the required amount of vegetables. | 0·74 | 0·81 | 1·00 | 1·51 |
| Fear of parasitic diseases due to the F&V intake prevents me from consuming the required amount of fruits and vegetables. | 0·73 | 0·81 | .93 | 1·86 |
| Fear of pesticides used in the growth and maintenance of fruits and vegetables prevents me from consuming the required amount of fruits and vegetables. | 0·68 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·91 |
| Lack of enough time to buy fruits and vegetables prevents me from consuming the required amount of fruits and vegetables. | 0·64 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·59 |
| Lack of sufficient space to store large quantities of fruits and vegetables for several meals at home prevents me from consuming the required amount of fruits and vegetables. | 0·62 | 0·81 | 1·00 | 1·54 |
| Lack of enough information on preparation of fruits and vegetables (washing, disinfecting, peeling, chopping, preparing desserts and foods from them) prevents me from consuming the required amount of fruits and vegetables. | 0·60 | 0·81 | 0·93 | 1·58 |
| No F&V intake by my family prevents me from consuming the required amount of fruits and vegetables. | 0·60 | 1·00 | 0·96 | 1·58 |
| The time-consuming preparation of fruits and vegetables (washing, disinfecting, peeling, chopping, preparing desserts and foods from them) prevents me from consuming the required amount of fruits and vegetables. | 0·59 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·55 |
| No F&V intake by colleagues in the office prevents me from consuming the required amount of fruits and vegetables. | 0·57 | 1·00 | 0·96 | 1·58 |
| Lack of sufficient space to store F&V intake in the office prevents me from consuming the required amount of fruits and vegetables. | 0·50 | 0·81 | 1·00 | 1·53 |
| The price of fresh vegetables prevents me from consuming the required amount of vegetables. | 0·47 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 2·36 |
| The price of fresh fruits prevents me from consuming the required amount of fruits. | 0·43 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 2·35 |
| Factor load range | 0·43−0·78 | |||
| Eigen value | 7·30 | |||
| Variance | 6·36 | |||
| Cumulative variance | 13·01 | |||
| Cronbach's alpha coefficient | 0·86 | |||
| Factor 3 | ||||
| Items | Situational influences (1) Factor load | CVR | CVI | Impact score |
| How much does each of the following places or social events affect your desire to eat vegetables? Parties. | 0·79 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·58 |
| How much does each of the following places or social events affect your desire to eat fruits? Parties. | 0·78 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·58 |
| How much does each of the following places or social events affect your desire to eat vegetables? Restaurant. | 0·76 | 0·81 | 0·96 | 1·56 |
| How much does each of the following places or social events affect your desire to eat fruits? Restaurant. | 0·75 | 0·81 | 0·96 | 1·56 |
| How much does each of the following places or social events affect your desire to eat vegetables? Holidays or occasions. | 0·73 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·51 |
| How much does each of the following places or social events affect your desire to eat fruits? Holidays or occasions. | 0·69 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·63 |
| How much does each of the following places or social events affect your desire to eat vegetables? Work place. | 0·68 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 0·73 |
| How much does each of the following places or social events affect your desire to eat fruits? Work place. | 0·68 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·65 |
| How much does each of the following places or social events affect your desire to eat vegetables? Friends’ house. | 0·66 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·63 |
| How much does each of the following places or social events affect your desire to eat fruits? Friends’ house. | 0·63 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·58 |
| Factor load range | 0·63−0·79 | |||
| Eigen value | 5·88 | |||
| Variance | 5·73 | |||
| Cumulative variance | 18·75 | |||
| Cronbach's alpha coefficient | 0·93 | |||
| Items | Factor 4 | |||
| Interpersonal influences (1) | CVR | CVI | Impact score | |
| Factor load | ||||
| How important is the opinion of your friends for you to consume more fruits and vegetables, or how much do you try to act according to their opinion? | 0·83 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·51 |
| How important are the opinions of your family and acquaintances for you to consume more fruits and vegetables, or how much do you try to act according to their opinion? | 0·81 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·51 |
| How important are the opinions of the office colleagues important for you to consume more fruits and vegetables, or how much do you try to act according to their opinion? | 0·79 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·54 |
| How important are the opinions of the treating doctor and healthcare providers for you to consume more fruits and vegetables, or how much do you try to act according to their opinion? | 0·77 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·83 |
| How important are the opinions of the health centre employees for you to consume more fruits and vegetables, or how much do you try to act according to their opinion? | 0·77 | 1·00 | 0·96 | 1·98 |
| How important are the opinions of people with valuable ideas (such as office head, athletes and celebrities) for you to consume more fruits and vegetables, or how much do you try to act according to their opinion? | 0·75 | 0·81 | 1·00 | 1·51 |
| How important is the opinion of family for you to consume more fruits and vegetables, or how much do you try to act according to their opinions? | 0·64 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·71 |
| Factor load range | 0·64−0·83 | |||
| Eigen value | 4·80 | |||
| Variance | 4·54 | |||
| Cumulative variance | 23·29 | |||
| Cronbach's alpha coefficient | 0·92 | |||
| Item | Factor 5 | |||
| Incentive factors1 | CVR | CVI | Impact score | |
| Factor load | ||||
| How important is good taste to motivate you more to eat fruits and vegetables? | 0·78 | 0·81 | 1·00 | 2·48 |
| How important is freshness to motivate you more to eat fruits and vegetables? | 0·77 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 2·50 |
| How important is healthiness to motivate you more to eat fruits and vegetables? | 0·73 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 2·50 |
| How important is easy access to motivate you more to eat fruits and vegetables? | 0·64 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 2·38 |
| How important is proper price to motivate you more to eat fruits and vegetables? | 0·60 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 2·50 |
| How important is family consumption to motivate you more to eat fruits and vegetables? | 0·58 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·93 |
| How important are appearance and packaging to motivate you more to eat fruits and vegetables? | 0·56 | 0·81 | 1·00 | 1·73 |
| Factor load range | 0·56−0·78 | |||
| Eigen value | 4·24 | |||
| Variance | 4·20 | |||
| Cumulative variance | 27·49 | |||
| Cronbach's alpha coefficient | 0·86 | |||
| Items | Factor 6 | |||
| Interpersonal influences (2) | CVR | CVI | Impact score | |
| Factor load | ||||
| Do your friends expect or encourage you to eat fruits and vegetables to maintain and improve your health? | 0·76 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·58 |
| Do your family and acquaintances expect or encourage you to eat fruits and vegetables to maintain and improve your health? | 0·74 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·53 |
| Do your office colleagues expect or encourage you to eat fruits and vegetables to maintain and improve your health? | 0·73 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·51 |
| Do people with valuable opinion (such as office head, athletes, celebrities) expect or encourage you to eat fruits and vegetables to maintain and improve your health? | 0·71 | 1·00 | 0·96 | 1·54 |
| Do health centre employees expect or encourage you to eat fruits and vegetables to maintain and improve your health? | 0·69 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·59 |
| Do the treating doctor and healthcare providers expect or encourage you to eat fruits and vegetables to maintain and improve your health? | 0·69 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·74 |
| Do your family expect or encourage you to eat fruits and vegetables to maintain and improve your health? | 0·47 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·66 |
| Factor load range | 0·47−0·76 | |||
| Eigen value | 3·50 | |||
| Variance | 4·10 | |||
| Cumulative variance | 31·60 | |||
| Cronbach's alpha coefficient | 0·92 | |||
| Items | Factor 7 | |||
| Behaviour-related emotions | CVR | CVI | Impact score | |
| Factor load | ||||
| I feel cheerful and happy with eating vegetables. | 0·74 | 1·00 | 0·93 | 1·66 |
| I enjoy eating vegetables because of the variety it provides to the diet. | 0·72 | 0·81 | 0·75 | 1·61 |
| I feel cheerful and happy with eating fruits. | 0·71 | 1·00 | 0·93 | 1·66 |
| I like the taste of vegetables. | 0·67 | 0·81 | 0·93 | 1·89 |
| I enjoy eating fruits because of the variety it provides to the diet. | 0·64 | 0·81 | 0·75 | 1·61 |
| I like the taste of fruits. | 0·63 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·61 |
| F&V intake is valuable to me because they meet the essential needs of the body. | 0·46 | 0·81 | 0·84 | 1·73 |
| Factor load range | 0·46−0·74 | |||
| Eigen value | 2·71 | |||
| Variance | 4·10 | |||
| Cumulative variance | 35·71 | |||
| Cronbach's alpha coefficient | 0·96 | |||
| Items | Factor 8 | |||
| Perceived benefits | CVR | CVI | Impact score | |
| Factor load | ||||
| Daily F&V intake prevents premature aging of my skin by refreshing the face and skin. | 0·73 | 0·81 | 1·00 | 1·93 |
| Daily F&V intake saves on my medical expenses in the long run. | 0·72 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·88 |
| Daily F&V intake prevents me against chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. | 0·67 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·99 |
| Daily F&V intake balances my body weight. | 0·67 | 1·00 | 0·96 | 2·03 |
| Daily F&V intake eliminates the use of worthless snacks during the day by me. | 0·64 | 0·81 | 1·00 | 1·55 |
| Daily F&V intake enables me to better perform my activities. | 0·63 | 1·00 | 0·96 | 1·55 |
| Daily F&V intake provides my body with minerals and vitamins. | 0·44 | 1·00 | 1·00 | `1·56 |
| Factor load range | 0·44−0·73 | |||
| Eigen value | 2·64 | |||
| Variance | 4·01 | |||
| Cumulative variance | 39·73 | |||
| Cronbach's alpha coefficient | 0·96 | |||
| Items | Factor 9 | |||
| Previous relevant behaviour | CVR | CVI | Impact score | |
| Factor load | ||||
| I eat fruits and vegetables at certain meals throughout the day. | 0·72 | 0·81 | 0·87 | 1·81 |
| I have eaten fruits or vegetables (such as cucumbers, tomatoes, carrots) while I was busy during the day (watching TV, reading, and working). | 0·71 | 1·00 | 0·93 | 1·75 |
| I have eaten fruits or vegetables (such as cucumbers, tomatoes, carrots) as snacks throughout the day. | 0·70 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·88 |
| I have eaten the recommended amount of fruits and vegetables (three to five units daily) in several meals throughout the day. | 0·70 | 0·63 | 0·78 | 1·96 |
| I have kept fruits or vegetables for consumption throughout the day. | 0·70 | 0·81 | 0·91 | 1·73 |
| In addition to meals, I have eaten vegetables (raw or in the form of salads). | 0·62 | 1·00 | 0·90 | 1·86 |
| I have eaten natural juice throughout the day. | 0·44 | 1·00 | 0·96 | 1·66 |
| Instead of eating sweets and biscuits, I have eaten fruits or vegetables (such as cucumbers, tomatoes and carrots) as snacks in the office. | 0·40 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·56 |
| Factor load range | 0·40−0·72 | |||
| Eigen value | 2·40 | |||
| Variance | 4·01 | |||
| Cumulative variance | 43·74 | |||
| Cronbach's alpha coefficient | 0·87 | |||
| Items | Factor 10 | |||
| Commitment to the action plan | CVR | CVI | Impact score | |
| Factor load | ||||
| Do you have a regular plan to consume the recommended amount of fruits throughout the day? | 0·83 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·93 |
| Do you have a regular plan to consume the recommended amount of vegetables throughout the day? | 0·83 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·93 |
| If yes, to what extent are you committed to your plan (fruits)? | 0·83 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·63 |
| If yes, to what extent are you committed to your plan (vegetables)? | 0·81 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·63 |
| Factor load range | 0·81−0·83 | |||
| Eigen value | 2·21 | |||
| Variance | 3·40 | |||
| Cumulative variance | 47·14 | |||
| Cronbach's alpha coefficient | 0·89 | |||
| Items | Factor 11 | |||
| Immediate preferences and demand | CVR | CVI | Impact score | |
| Factor load | ||||
| If any of the following are available to you at the same time and you are free to choose one of them, which one would you prefer to consume? Fruits or junk food (e.g. chips, puffs, fruit leather … ). | 0·69 | 0·81 | 1·00 | 2·03 |
| If any of the following are available to you at the same time and you are free to choose one of them, which one would you prefer to consume? Vegetables (e.g. cucumber, tomato, lettuce … ) or junk food (e.g. chips, puffs, fruit leather … ). | 0·68 | 0·81 | 0·90 | 1·85 |
| If any of the following are available to you at the same time and you are free to choose one of them, which one would you prefer to consume? Vegetables (e.g. cucumber, tomato, lettuce) or drinks (e.g. soft drinks and industrial juices … ). | 0·66 | 0·81 | 0·93 | 1·54 |
| If any of the following are available to you at the same time and you are free to choose one of them, which one would you prefer to consume? Fruits or drinks (e.g. soft drinks and industrial juices … ). | 0·63 | 0·81 | 1·00 | 1·85 |
| If any of the following are available to you at the same time and you are free to choose one of them, which one would you prefer to consume? Vegetables (e.g. cucumber, tomato, lettuce … ) or sweets (for example cakes, biscuits … ). | 0·60 | 0·81 | 1·00 | 1·63 |
| If any of the following are available to you at the same time and you are free to choose one of them, which one would you prefer to consume? Fruits or sweets (e.g. cakes, biscuits … ). | 0·44 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 2·03 |
| Factor load range | 0·44−0·69 | |||
| Eigen value | 2·18 | |||
| Variance | 3·10 | |||
| Cumulative variance | 50·25 | |||
| Cronbach's alpha coefficient | 0·82 | |||
| Items | Factor 12 | |||
| Situational influences (2) | CVR | CVI | Impact score | |
| Factor load | ||||
| How much does watching or listening to a TV or radio programme about the benefits of eating fruits or vegetables affect your desire to consume fruits and vegetables? | 0·80 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·83 |
| How much does studying the benefits of eating fruits and vegetables affect your desire to consume fruits and vegetables? | 0·73 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·54 |
| How much does attending training classes on the benefits of eating fruit or vegetables in the office or other places affect your desire to consume fruits and vegetables? | 0·71 | 0·81 | 1·00 | 1·51 |
| How much does daily F&V intake in the recommended amount (at least two units of fruits and three units of vegetables) by family, relatives, friends, or colleagues affect your desire to consume fruits and vegetables? | 0·59 | 0·81 | 1·00 | 1·59 |
| Factor load range | 0·58−0·80 | |||
| Eigen value | 1·83 | |||
| Variance | 3·05 | |||
| Cumulative variance | 53·30 | |||
| Cronbach's alpha coefficient | 0·94 | |||
| Factor 13 | ||||
| Items | Knowledge | CVR | CVI | Impact score |
| Factor load | ||||
| Which of the following food groups have a lot of fibre? | 0·68 | 1·00 | 0·96 | 2·09 |
| Which of the following is one of the benefits of fibre in food? | 0·63 | 0·81 | 0·93 | 1·91 |
| Which of the following is the best source of vitamin C in the body? | 0·62 | 0·81 | 0·96 | 2·16 |
| Which statement is true about F&V intake? | 0·55 | 0·81 | 1·00 | 1·96 |
| Consumption of which of the following food groups can rejuvenate the skin and hair and prevent premature aging and wrinkles? | 0·48 | 0·81 | 1·00 | 1·81 |
| Factor load range | 0·48−0·68 | |||
| Eigen value | 1·78 | |||
| Variance | 2·71 | |||
| Cumulative variance | 56·02 | |||
| Cronbach's alpha coefficient | 0·78 | |||
| Factor 14 | ||||
| Items | Behavioural outcome | CVR | CVI | Impact score |
| Factor load | ||||
| I eat fruits during working hours in the workplace. | 0·68 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·63 |
| I eat vegetables (such as cucumbers, tomatoes, carrots) during working hours in the workplace. | 0·60 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·56 |
| I plan to eat more vegetables in the future. | 0·45 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·83 |
| I plan to eat more fruits in the future. | 0·43 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·85 |
| Factor load range | 0·43−0·68 | |||
| Eigen value | 1·66 | |||
| Variance | 2·71 | |||
| Cumulative variance | 58·74 | |||
| Cronbach's alpha coefficient | 0·72 | |||
| Items | Factor 15 | |||
| Incentive factors 2 | CVR | CVI | Impact score | |
| Factor load | ||||
| How important is eating fruits and vegetables by friends to motivate you more to consume fruits and vegetables? | 0·61 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·56 |
| How important is advertising through TV, movies, and other media to motivate you more to consume fruits and vegetables? | 0·58 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·56 |
| Factor load range | 0·58−0·61 | |||
| Eigen value | 1·53 | |||
| Variance | 2·43 | |||
| Cumulative variance | 61·17 | |||
| Cronbach's alpha coefficient | 0·85 | |||