Table 2.

Urine tests

Investigations	Observed value	Reference range	Units
Clarity	Cloudy	Clear	N/a
Colour	Yellow	Yellow	N/a
Specific gravity	1.023	1.005–1.030	N/a
pH	5.5	5.5–7.5	N/a
Protein	2+	Negative-trace	N/a
Glucose	Negative	Negative	N/a
Ketones	Negative	Negative	N/a
Blood	3+	Negative	N/a
Bilirubin	Negative	Negative	N/a
Leucocytes	Negative	Negative	N/a
Nitrites	Negative	Negative	N/a
Epithelial cells	Few	None-few	cells/low-powered field
White blood cells	6–10	0–5	cells/high-powered field
Red blood cells	6–10	0–2	cells/high-powered field
Bacteria	Moderate	None-few	cells/high-powered field
Hyaline casts	>10	0–3	casts/low-powered field
Coarse granular casts	4–10	None	casts/low-powered field
Urine culture	<10 000	<10 000	colony-forming units/mL