Table 1.
Epidemiologic studies evaluating U-Shaped effect of uric acid.
| Year | Reference | Study Population | Gender | Measurement | Low SUA | High SUA | Ref: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | Verdecchia et al. | Essential HTN | M/F | All-Cause /CV Events and Mortality | Men: <4.5 mg/dL Women: <3.2 mg/dL |
Men: >6.2 mg/dL Women: >4.6 mg/dL |
[45] |
| 2004 | Hsu SP et al. | ESRD | M/F | All-Cause Mortality | ≤6.0 mg/dL | ≥9.0 mg/dL | [16] |
| 2006 | Suliman ME et al. | ESRD | M/F | CV Mortality | <5.3 mg/dL | >8.9 mg/dL | [44] |
| 2007 | A. Mazza et al. | Elderly patients with NIDDM | M/F | CV Mortality | ≤0.29 mmol/L (4.9 mg/dL)a | ≥0.37 mmol/L (6.2 mg/dL)a | [17] |
| 2010 | Seet et al. | Asian patients with AIS | M/F | Functional outcomes | <280 μM/dL (4.7 mg/dL)a | >410 μM/dL (6.9 mg/dL)a | [46] |
| 2011 | Latif, W. et al. | ESRD | M/F | All-Cause /CV Mortality | <8.2 mg/dL | ≥8.2 mg/dL | [18] |
| 2012 | Lapsia et al. | Preoperative CV patients | M/F | AKI | <7.0 mg/dL | ≥7.0 mg/dL | [47] |
| 2013 | Feng et al. | Peritoneal dialysis | M/F | All-Cause Mortality | ≤7.0 mg/dL | ≥10.0 mg/dL | [20] |
| 2013 | Huang et al. | Japanese adult males | M | Muscle Strength | <5.4 mg/dL | ≥6.8 mg/dL | [48] |
| 2014 | Dahle et al. | Renal transplant patients | M/F | All-Cause /CV Mortality | 151–309 μM (2.6–5.2 mg/dL) a | 474–870 μM (8.0–14.7 mg/dL) a | [21] |
| 2015 | Kanda et al. | Healthy individuals | M/F | Loss of Kidney Function/AKI | <5.0 mg/dL | ≥6.5 mg/dL | [22] |
| 2016 | Bae et al. | ESRD | M/F | All-Cause Mortality | <5.5 mg/dL | ≥8.5 mg/dL | [23] |
| 2016 | Li et al.b | Healthy individuals with no history of DM. | M/F | Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) | – | – | [49] |
| 2016 | Oh et al. | Renal transplant patients | M/F | Allograft survival | ≤5.0 mg/dL | >8 mg/dL | [24] |
| 2016 | Zhang et al. | Healthy Japanese adults | M/F | CV Mortality | Men: <4.6 mg/dL Women: <3.3 mg/dL |
Men: >6.7 mg/dL Women: >5.1 mg/dL |
[50] |
| 2017 | Kamei et al. | Healthy Japanese adults | M/F | Incidence of nonfatal stroke | Men: ≤4.9 mg/dL Women: ≤3.7 mg/dL |
Men: ≥7.1 mg/dL Women: ≥5.5 mg/dL |
[51] |
| 2017 | Gwag et al. | Vasospastic Angina (VSA) | M/F | Major Adverse Cardiac Events (MACE) | ≤4.8 mg/dL | ≥6.0 mg/dL | [25] |
| 2017 | Hsieh et al. | CAPD patients | M/F | Technique failure in PD | ≤8.0 mg/dL | >8.0 mg/dL | [26] |
| 2017 | Hsieh et al. | CAPD patients | M/F | Residual Renal Function (RRF) | <0.372 mmol/L (6.3 mg/dL) a | ≥0.421 mmol/L (7.1 mg/dL) a | [27] |
| 2017 | Kang et al. | Healthy adults | M/F | All-Cause Mortality | ≤4.0 mg/dL | >8.0 mg/dL | [28] |
| 2017 | Lee et al. | Postmenopausal women | F | Arterial Stiffness | ≤3.8 mg/dL | ≥5.0 mg/dL | [29] |
| 2017 | Matsukuma et al. | Patients with IgAN | M/F | Development of ESRD | Men: <6.1 mg/dL Women: <4.4 mg/dL |
Men: >7.0 mg/dL Women: >5.3 mg/dL |
[30] |
| 2017 | Uedono et al. | Healthy individuals | M/F | Intrarenal hemodynamic parameters | <3.5 mg/dL | >6.0 mg/dL | [31] |
| 2017 | Wang et al.b | Chinese adults with a normal glucose tolerance test | M/F | Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) | – | – | [52] |
| 2018 | Cho et al. | General population | M/F | All-Cause, CV, and Cancer-related Mortality | Men <3.5 mg/dL Women <2.5 mg/dL |
Men ≥9.5 mg/dL Women ≥8.5 mg/dL |
[32] |
| 2018 | Srivastava et al. | CKD | M/F | Kidney Failure and All-Cause Mortality | 1.9–6.0 mg/dL | 8.7–15.2 mg/dL | [43] |
| 2018 | Tseng et al. | Elderly patients | M/F | All-Cause /CV Mortality | <3 mg/dL | ≥10.0 mg/dL | [34] |
| 2018 | Yang et al. | First-ever AIS | M/F | Functional outcomes | <190 μmol/L (3.2 mg/dL)a | >358 μmol/L (6.1 mg/dL) | [53] |
| 2018 | Latourte et al. | Healthy adults | M/F | Incidence of dementia | Men: <260 μmol/L (4.4 mg/dL) a Women: <209 μmol/L (3.5 mg/dL) a |
Men: ≥345 μmol/L (5.8 mg/dL) a Women: ≥292 μmol/L (4.9 mg/dL) a |
[54] |
| 2018 | Zhou et al. | Pregnancy | F | Maternal blood pressure | <0.140 mmol/L (2.4 mg/dL) a | >0.140 mmol/L (2.4 mg/dL) a | [55] |
| 2018 | Zhou et al. | Pregnancy | F | Fetal growth | <0.267 mmol/L (4.5 mg/dL) a | >0.267 mmol/L (4.5 mg/dL) a | [56] |
HTN: Hypertension; ESRD: End-Stage Renal Disease; NIDDM: Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus; AIS: Acute Ischemic Stroke; AKI; Acute Kidney injury; CAPD: Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis; IgAN: IgA Nephropathy; CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease.
a
Values in parentheses are a conversion to mg/dL for comparison.
b
Study did not primarily group patients based on SUA.