Table 4.
Glycaemic, insulin, GLP-1 and lipid parameters at baseline and change with treatment
| Variable | Baseline (n = 59) | Change at month 1 (n = 55) | P-value | Change at month 3 (n = 53) | P-value | Change at month 6 (n = 50) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 38.0 (7.1) | −0.9 (−2.2, 0.4) | 0.185 | 0.2 (−1.1, 1.6) | 0.748 | 1.1 (−0.2, 2.5) | 0.105 |
| OGTT glucose | |||||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.3 (4.9–5.8) | 0.0 (−0.4, 0.4) | 0.912 | 0.1 (−0.3, 0.5) | 0.582 | 0.5 (0.1, 0.9) | 0.012 |
| 30 min glucose (mmol/L) | 9.3 (8.2–10.8) | – | – | −0.1 (−0.7, 0.5) | 0.805 | 0.2 (−0.5, 0.8) | 0.577 |
| 1 h glucose (mmol/L) | 9.1 (7.0–12.3) | – | – | 0.0 (−0.7, 0.7) | 0.971 | 0.2 (−0.6, 0.9) | 0.632 |
| 90 min glucose (mmol/L) | 7.5 (6.5–10.7) | – | – | −0.1 (−0.8, 0.6) | 0.826 | −0.3 (−1.0, 0.4) | 0.429 |
| 2 h glucose (mmol/L) | 6.9 (5.8–8.3) | – | – | −0.5 (−1.1, 0.2) | 0.175 | −0.3 (−1.0, 0.4) | 0.341 |
| Glucose AUC (mmol/min/L) | 979 (847–1215) | – | – | −11 (−78, 57) | 0.755 | 8 (−63, 79) | 0.829 |
| OGTT insulin | |||||||
| Fasting insulin (µU/ml) | 13.4 (9.1–20.1) | 4.7 (1.2, 8.2) | 0.008 | 3.6 (0.1, 7.1) | 0.046 | 5.4 (1.9, 9.0) | 0.003 |
| 30 min insulin (µU/ml) | 76.0 (49.6–128.7) | – | – | −0.9 (−23.0, 21.3) | 0.940 | 0.9 (−22.1, 23.9) | 0.939 |
| 1 h insulin (µU/ml) | 100.2 (59.5–146.9) | – | – | 10.6 (−11.6, 32.9) | 0.349 | −4.8 (−28.1, 18.4) | 0.683 |
| 90 min insulin (µU/ml) | 95.4 (52.1–144.8) | – | – | 8.8 (−9.4, 27.1) | 0.344 | −11.7 (−30.5, 7.1) | 0.224 |
| 2 h insulin (µU/ml) | 65.7 (42.9–116.7) | – | – | −8.2 (−26.7, 10.3) | 0.384 | −15.0 (−34.3, 4.4) | 0.129 |
| Insulin AUC (µU/min/mL) | 10209 (6549–13 600) | – | – | 422 (−1411, 2255) | 0.652 | −554 (−2477, 1369) | 0.572 |
| OGTT GLP-1 | |||||||
| Fasting GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 5.81 (4.25–7.58) | 0.94 (−0.09, 1.97) | 0.073 | 0.94 (−0.10, 1.99) | 0.077 | 0.88 (−0.19, 1.94) | 0.106 |
| 30 min GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 13.49 (10.22–20.37) | – | – | −2.87 (−8.93, 3.19) | 0.353 | −0.26 (−6.59, 6.07) | 0.936 |
| 1 h GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 10.20 (7.16–17.46) | – | – | −3.44 (−6.37, −0.51) | 0.021 | −1.51 (−4.57, 1.55) | 0.334 |
| 90 min GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 8.21 (5.04–12.60) | – | – | −0.80 (−3.64, 2.05) | 0.584 | −0.92 (−3.85, 2.00) | 0.536 |
| 2 h GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 5.87 (4.40–9.94) | – | – | −1.53 (−3.49, 0.44) | 0.128 | −0.56 (−2.61, 1.50) | 0.596 |
| GLP-1 AUC (pmol/min/L) | 41.21 (28.82–58.60) | – | – | −7.75 (−20.62, 5.12) | 0.238 | −2.75 (−16.19, 10.69) | 0.689 |
| HOMA indices | |||||||
| HOMA-IR | 2.0 (1.3–3.0) | 0.65 (0.19, 1.11) | 0.006 | 0.50 (0.03, 0.96) | 0.037 | 0.75 (0.27, 1.23) | 0.002 |
| HOMA-%S | 50.1 (33.4–77.5) | −10.4 (−16.2, −4.6) | <0.001 | −6.6 (−12.5, −0.7) | 0.029 | −8.7 (−14.7, −2.6) | 0.005 |
| HOMA-%β | 122 (102.3–168) | 17.3 (4.6, 30.0) | 0.008 | 14.6 (1.7, 27.5) | 0.026 | 10.0 (−3.2, 23.3) | 0.137 |
| Lipid profiles | |||||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.7 (1.0) | −0.2 (−0.4, −0.0) | 0.043 | −0.2 (−0.4, 0.0) | 0.086 | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) | 0.451 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | −0.1 (−0.1, −0.0) | 0.040 | −0.1 (−0.1, −0.0) | 0.030 | −0.0 (−0.1, 0.1) | 0.912 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.7 (0.9) | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.0) | 0.092 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.0) | 0.067 | 0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | 0.952 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | −0.0 (−0.3, 0.2) | 0.922 | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.3) | 0.444 | 0.2 (−0.1, 0.4) | 0.178 |
Baseline values are mean (s.d.) (normally distributed) or median (IQR) (not normally distributed variables); mean change (95% CI) compared with baseline. Values in bold are statistically significant, i.e. P < 0.05. Baseline data available for n = 59. HOMA: homeostasis model assessment; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-%β: beta-cell function; HOMA-%S: insulin sensitivity.