Fig. 2.

PNLA reduced levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and PGE2 of activated monocytes from HCs and RA patients

PNLA reduces the levels of TNF-α (A and B), IL-6 (C and D), and PGE2 (E and F) in activated monocytes from HCs and RA patients. Purified monocytes obtained from RA patients (n = 20) and HCs (n = 10) were incubated with 25 or 50 µM PNLA or DMSO for 24 h followed by 100 ng/ml LPS stimulation for another 16 h. Then, the supernatants were collected and assayed for levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and PGE2 using ELISA kits; all samples and standards were anlaysed in duplicate. The data are presented as the mean (s.e.m.), each symbol represents average of one participant. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s test (*P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤  0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, NS: non-significant). HC: healthy control; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; PGE2: prostaglandin E₂; PNLA: pinolenic acid.