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. 2022 Mar 1;7(3):e006965. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006965

Table 2.

Crude and multivariable analyses for associations between invitation to participate in DREAMS and outcomes (social support; self-efficacy) in 2018/2019

Outcome Setting Age group All Never invited Invited by 2018 Unadjusted OR (95% CI) Age and area adjusted OR (95% CI) Fully adjusted* OR (95% CI) P value (LRT)
N n (%) with outcome N n (%) with outcome N n (%) with outcome
Social support, 2018 Nairobi Overall 831 421 (50.7) 210 90 (42.9) 621 331 (53.3) 1.5 (1.1 to 2.1) 1.5 (1.1 to 2.1) 1.5 (1.1 to 2.1) 0.01
15–17 466 240 (51.5) 94 33 (35.1) 372 207 (55.7) 2.3 (1.4 to 3.7) 2.2 (1.4 to 3.5) 2.4 (1.5 to 3.9) <0.001
18–22 365 181 (49.6) 116 57 (49.1) 249 124 (49.8) 1.0 (0.7 to 1.6) 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) 1.0 (0.6 to 1.7) 0.9
Gem Overall 1171 424 (36.2) 514 145 (28.2) 657 279 (42.5) 1.9 (1.5 to 2.4) 2.0 (1.5 to 2.5) 2.0 (1.6 to 2.6) <0.001
13–17 684 231 (33.8) 285 76 (26.7) 399 155 (38.8) 1.8 (1.3 to 2.4) 1.8 (1.3 to 2.5) 2.0 (1.4 to 2.8) <0.001
18–22 487 193 (39.6) 229 69 (30.1) 258 124 (48.1) 2.2 (1.5 to 3.1) 2.3 (1.6 to 3.4) 2.4 (1.6 to 3.6) <0.001
uMkhanyakude Overall 1852 847 (45.7) 886 373 (42.1) 966 474 (49.1) 1.3 (1.1 to 1.6) 1.4 (1.1 to 1.6) 1.4 (1.1 to 1.7) 0.002
13–17 1040 490 (47.1) 389 170 (43.7) 651 320 (49.2) 1.2 (1.0 to 1.6) 1.3 (1.0 to 1.7) 1.3 (1.0 to 1.7) 0.03
18–22 812 357 (44.0) 497 203 (40.9) 315 154 (48.9) 1.4 (1.0 to 1.8) 1.4 (1.1 to 1.9) 1.4 (1.1 to 1.9) 0.02
Social support, 2019 Nairobi Overall 852 480 (56.3) 224 111 (49.6) 628 369 (58.8) 1.4 (1.1 to 2.0) 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9) 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9) 0.04
15–17 464 266 (57.3) 95 43 (45.3) 369 223 (60.4) 1.8 (1.2 to 2.9) 1.7 (1.1 to 2.8) 1.7 (1.0 to 2.8) 0.03
18–22 388 214 (55.2) 129 68 (52.7) 259 146 (56.4) 1.2 (0.8 to 1.8) 1.2 (0.8 to 1.8) 1.2 (0.8 to 1.9) 0.4
Gem Overall 1018 411 (40.1) 436 156 (35.8) 582 255 (43.8) 1.4 (1.1 to 1.8) 1.4 (1.1 to 1.8) 1.4 (1.0 to 1.8) 0.02
13–17 622 229 (37.0) 261 81 (31.0) 361 148 (41.0) 1.5 (1.1 to 2.2) 1.5 (1.1 to 2.2) 1.6 (1.1 to 2.3) 0.008
18–22 396 182 (46.0) 175 75 (42.9) 221 107 (48.4) 1.3 (0.8 to 1.9) 1.3 (0.8 to 1.9) 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) 0.6
uMkhanyakude Overall 1712 778 (45.4) 809 358 (44.3) 903 420 (46.5) 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3) 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3) 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3) 0.5
13–17 972 441 (45.4) 364 157 (43.1) 608 284 (46.7) 1.2 (0.9 to 1.5) 1.1 (0.9 to 1.5) 1.2 (0.9 to 1.5) 0.2
18–22 740 337 (45.5) 445 201 (45.2) 295 136 (46.1) 1.0 (0.8 to 1.4) 1.0 (0.8 to 1.4) 0.9 (0.7 to 1.3) 0.7
Self efficacy, 2018 Nairobi Overall 836 449 (53.7) 212 109 (51.4) 624 340 (54.5) 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6) 1.2 (0.8 to 1.6) 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6) 0.5
15–17 466 243 (52.1) 94 49 (52.1) 372 194 (52.2) 1.0 (0.6 to 1.6) 1.0 (0.6 to 1.6) 1.0 (0.6 to 1.6) 0.9
18–22 370 206 (55.7) 118 60 (50.8) 252 146 (57.9) 1.3 (0.9 to 2.1) 1.4 (0.9 to 2.1) 1.2 (0.8 to 2.0) 0.4
Gem Overall 1171 436 (37.2) 514 193 (37.5) 657 243 (37.0) 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3) 1.1 (0.9 to 1.5) 0.4
15–17 684 224 (32.7) 285 93 (32.6) 399 131 (32.8) 1.0 (0.7 to 1.4) 1.0 (0.7 to 1.4) 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5) 0.6
18–22 487 212 (43.5) 229 100 (43.7) 258 112 (43.4) 1.0 (0.7 to 1.4) 1.0 (0.7 to 1.4) 1.1 (0.7 to 1.6) 0.7
uMkhanyakude Overall 1853 771 (41.6) 886 348 (39.3) 967 423 (43.7) 1.2 (1.0 to 1.4) 1.4 (1.1 to 1.7) 1.4 (1.2 to 1.8) <0.001
15–17 1041 379 (36.4) 389 125 (32.1) 652 254 (39.0) 1.3 (1.0 to 1.8) 1.3 (1.0 to 1.7) 1.4 (1.0 to 1.8) 0.03
18–22 812 392 (48.3) 497 223 (44.9) 315 169 (53.7) 1.4 (1.1 to 1.9) 1.5 (1.1 to 2.0) 1.5 (1.1 to 2.1) 0.004
Self efficacy, 2019 Nairobi Overall 852 465 (54.6) 224 113 (50.5) 628 352 (56.1) 1.3 (0.9 to 1.7) 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8) 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8) 0.1
15–17 464 247 (53.2) 95 48 (50.5) 369 199 (54.0) 1.2 (0.7 to 1.8) 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) 0.8
18–22 388 218 (56.2) 129 65 (50.4) 259 153 (59.1) 1.4 (0.9 to 2.2) 1.4 (0.9 to 2.2) 1.6 (1.0 to 2.6) 0.04
Gem Overall 1018 351 (34.5) 436 145 (33.3) 582 206 (35.4) 1.1 (0.9 to 1.4) 1.1 (0.9 to 1.5) 1.2 (0.9 to 1.5) 0.2
15–17 622 187 (30.1) 261 71 (27.2) 361 116 (32.1) 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8) 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8) 1.5 (1.0 to 2.2) 0.04
18–22 396 164 (41.4) 175 74 (42.3) 221 90 (40.7) 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) 1.0 (0.6 to 1.5) 0.8
uMkhanyakude Overall 1712 829 (48.4) 809 384 (47.5) 903 445 (49.3) 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3) 1.2 (1.0 to 1.5) 1.3 (1.0 to 1.5) 0.03
15–17 972 414 (42.6) 364 140 (38.5) 608 274 (45.1) 1.3 (1.0 to 1.7) 1.3 (1.0 to 1.7) 1.3 (1.0 to 1.7) 0.04
18–22 740 415 (56.1) 445 244 (54.8) 295 171 (58.0) 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5) 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6) 1.2 (0.8 to 1.6) 0.4

Row percentages are presented.

Outcome definition for social support: Binary outcome variable constructed where a high level of social support was defined as a ‘yes’ response to at least three out of four questions: ‘Is there a female in your community from whom you can borrow money in an emergency?’; ‘Do you have at least one trusted female friend?’; ‘Do you know a woman in your community, other than a mother or guardian, whom you could turn to if you had a serious problem?’; ‘Do you have a safe and private place to meet with girls and young women who are like you?’ Outcome definition for self-efficacy: Binary outcome variable constructed based on a series of 10 questions comprising a general self-efficacy scale, where a cut-off value of ≥3.5 was used to define higher self-efficacy (yes).

*Adjusted for the following variables:Gem: Social support: age group (categorised as 13–17/18–22), education (none or primary/secondary and above/ unknown), socioeconomic status (wealth index derived using principal component analysis with input variables including, for example, individual or household assets and household structure; categorised as low/medium/high), orphanhood (no/maternal/paternal/double orphan/unknown based on self-reports of mother or father having died), food insecurity (AGYW or household member went to sleep at night hungry because there was not enough food in the past 4 weeks; yes/no) and sexual and pregnancy history (never had sex/had sex never pregnant/ever pregnant); Self-efficacy: age group, education, socioeconomic status, orphanhood, food insecurity and sexual and pregnancy history (variable definitions the same as for social support analyses).Nairobi: Social support: age group and education (composite variable combining age 15–17/18–22, in school/not in school, no/primary/secondary/tertiary education attainment), Demographic Surveillance System (DSS) study site (Korogocho/Viwandani settlements), marital status (never married/previously married or living with partner/currently married or living with partner), sexual and pregnancy history (never had sex/had sex never pregnant/ever pregnant), socioeconomic status (wealth index derived using principal component analysis with input variables including for example, individual or household assets and household structure; categorised as low/medium/high), food insecurity (AGYW or household member went to sleep at night hungry because there was not enough food in the past 4 weeks; yes/no), poverty perception (self-assessment of household economic situation currently as very poor/moderately poor/not poor), orphanhood (single or double orphan/ not orphan, based on self-reports of mother or father having died); Self-efficacy: DSS study site, food insecurity, orphanhood, sexual and pregnancy history, socioeconomic status, poverty perception (variable definitions the same as for social support analyses), age group (15–17/18–22), in/out of school (yes/no), birth history (ever given birth yes/no), ethnic group (Somali, Kamba, Kikuyu, Kisii, Luhya, Luo, other), religion (Catholic/other Christian/Muslim/no or other religion), gender of the household head (male/female), AGYW was the household head (yes/no).uMkhanyakude: Social support: age group (13–14/15–17/18–19/20–22), age and education (composite and dummy variables comparing age groups 13–17/18–22, in school/not in school, incomplete/complete secondary education), area (rural/ periurban or urban), sexual and pregnancy history (never had sex/had sex never pregnant/ever pregnant), socioeconomic status (wealth index derived using principal component analysis with input variables including for example, individual or household assets and household structure; categorised as low/medium/high), food insecurity (any report of reducing the size of food portions or skipping meals by any member of a household because there was not enough money to buy food in the past 12 months), migration (any movement within or outside the surveillance area since age 13); Self-efficacy: age group, age and education, area, sexual and pregnancy history, socioeconomic status, food insecurity, migration (variable definitions the same as for social support analyses), violence (experience of any act of violence by a man in the 12 months preceding the survey).

AGYW, adolescent girls and young women; DREAMS, Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-free, Mentored and Safe; LRT, likelihood ratio test; OR, odds ratio.