TABLE 1.

Preparations of immune sera made in the pre-antibiotic era

Investigator(s)	Yra	Antibody preparation				Species studied	Route of administration	Reference(s)
		Immunizing agent	Species	Route(s)	Length of immunization
Maragliano	1895	Liquid culture of M. tuberculosis, heated to 100°C, filtered, and concentrated; and liquid culture of M. tuberculosis, filtered and evaporated by vacuum at 30°C (a later protocol was modified by the addition of ground, heat-killed bacilli to the inoculum)	Horse	s.c., i.v.	6 mo	Guinea pigs, humans	NSb	69, 70
Henry Phipps Institute	1905	Maragliano’s later protocol	Cow	s.c.	NS	Humans	Hypodermic injections (most); oral administration (few patients)	38
Viquerat	1894	Liquid cultures of tubercle bacilli	Donkey	s.c., i.v.	45 days	Guinea pigs	NSb	3
						Humans	Hypodermic injections
Paquin	1895	Tuberculin and M. tuberculosis (in various states of alterations and dilutions)	Horse	NS	2–6 mo	Humans	Hypodermic injections	84, 86
Fisch	1897	T.R., T.O., and aqueous extracts of the nutrient agar	Horse	Injections	NS	Guinea pigs	Injections	37
						Monkeys	Injections
						Humans	Hypodermic injections
De Scweinitz and Dorset	1897	Attenuated bacilli (culture fluid was added when horses were used)	Cow, horse	NS	15 mo	Guinea pigs	Injections	31
						Humans	Injections
Trudeau and Baldwin	1898	Tubercle bacilli (in different states of virulence) and tuberculin	Horse, cow, sheep, fowl, ass, rabbit	i.v., i.p., s.c.	Months	Guinea pigs	s.c., i.p.	112, 113
Marmorek	1903	Filtrates of early cultures of tubercle bacilli (the bacilli lacked a complete waxy coat and thus did not maintain acid-fast stain)	Horse	Injections	Few months	Rabbits	i.v., s.c.	71
						Humans	NS
Josset	1924	Attenuated M. tuberculosis	Horse	i.v., s.c.	NS	Guinea pigs	s.c.	14, 55–57
						Humans	NS
Vallée	1909	Low-virulence bacilli of equine origine, human bacilli, human bacilli cultures and “endotoxins”	Horse	i.v.	NS	Guinea pigs	Injections	14, 115, 116
						Humans	NS
Spahlinger	1922	Various sera, each made with one of various “ectotoxins” and “endotoxins,” and dead and live bacilli (the sera to the various toxins and the antibacillary sera were combined in various proportions)	Horse	NSb	NS	Humans	s.c. (mainly); other routes were used in special circumstances, e.g., p.o.c (for “abdominal TB”), injection into site of disease (for “surgical TB”)	108
Reenstierna	1934	Tubercle bacilli in different stages of growth: acid fast and non-acid fast (the latter devoid of its “wax envelope”)	Sheep	s.c.	4 mo	Humans	i.m.	50

^aYear of first report identified that describes the serum or its use. 

^bNS, not specified. 

^cp.o., orally.